Add documentation and improve BBolt import memory efficiency (v0.48.8)

- Add README.md table of contents for easier navigation - Add Curation ACL documentation section to README.md - Create detailed Curation Mode Guide (docs/CURATION_MODE_GUIDE.md) - Fix OOM during BBolt index building by closing temp file before build - Add GC calls before index building to reclaim batch buffer memory - Improve import-export.go with processJSONLEventsReturningCount - Add policy-aware import path for sync operations Files modified: - README.md: Added TOC and curation ACL documentation - docs/CURATION_MODE_GUIDE.md: New comprehensive curation mode guide - pkg/bbolt/import-export.go: Memory-safe import with deferred cleanup - pkg/bbolt/import-minimal.go: Added GC before index build - pkg/version/version: Bump to v0.48.8 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Fix OOM in BuildIndexes by processing in chunks (v0.48.6)
2026-01-06 15:37:06 +01:00 · 2026-01-06 09:10:50 +01:00 · 2026-01-06 06:57:06 +01:00 · 2026-01-06 06:52:55 +01:00 · 2026-01-06 06:50:58 +01:00 · 2026-01-06 05:51:34 +01:00
30 changed files with 4240 additions and 23 deletions
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -12,6 +12,36 @@ zap me: <20>mlekudev@getalby.com

 follow me on [nostr](https://jumble.social/users/npub1fjqqy4a93z5zsjwsfxqhc2764kvykfdyttvldkkkdera8dr78vhsmmleku)

+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Bug Reports & Feature Requests](#%EF%B8%8F-bug-reports--feature-requests)
+- [System Requirements](#%EF%B8%8F-system-requirements)
+- [About](#about)
+- [Performance & Cryptography](#performance--cryptography)
+- [Building](#building)
+  - [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
+  - [Basic Build](#basic-build)
+  - [Building with Web UI](#building-with-web-ui)
+- [Core Features](#core-features)
+  - [Web UI](#web-ui)
+  - [Sprocket Event Processing](#sprocket-event-processing)
+  - [Policy System](#policy-system)
+- [Deployment](#deployment)
+  - [Automated Deployment](#automated-deployment)
+  - [TLS Configuration](#tls-configuration)
+  - [systemd Service Management](#systemd-service-management)
+  - [Remote Deployment](#remote-deployment)
+  - [Configuration](#configuration)
+  - [Firewall Configuration](#firewall-configuration)
+  - [Monitoring](#monitoring)
+- [Testing](#testing)
+- [Command-Line Tools](#command-line-tools)
+- [Access Control](#access-control)
+  - [Follows ACL](#follows-acl)
+  - [Curation ACL](#curation-acl)
+  - [Cluster Replication](#cluster-replication)
+- [Developer Notes](#developer-notes)
+
 ## ⚠️ Bug Reports & Feature Requests

 **Bug reports and feature requests that do not follow the protocol will not be accepted.**
@@ -566,9 +596,22 @@ go run ./cmd/subscription-test-simple -url ws://localhost:3334 -duration 120

 ## Access Control

+ORLY provides four ACL (Access Control List) modes to control who can publish events to your relay:
+
+| Mode | Description | Best For |
+|------|-------------|----------|
+| `none` | Open relay, anyone can write | Public relays |
+| `follows` | Write access based on admin follow lists | Personal/community relays |
+| `managed` | Explicit allow/deny lists via NIP-86 API | Private relays |
+| `curating` | Three-tier classification with rate limiting | Curated community relays |
+
+```bash
+export ORLY_ACL_MODE=follows  # or: none, managed, curating
+```
+
 ### Follows ACL

-The follows ACL (Access Control List) system provides flexible relay access control based on social relationships in the Nostr network.
+The follows ACL system provides flexible relay access control based on social relationships in the Nostr network.

 ```bash
 export ORLY_ACL_MODE=follows
@@ -578,6 +621,30 @@ export ORLY_ADMINS=npub1fjqqy4a93z5zsjwsfxqhc2764kvykfdyttvldkkkdera8dr78vhsmmle

 The system grants write access to users followed by designated admins, with read-only access for others. Follow lists update dynamically as admins modify their relationships.

+### Curation ACL
+
+The curation ACL mode provides sophisticated content curation with a three-tier publisher classification system:
+
+- **Trusted**: Unlimited publishing, bypass rate limits
+- **Blacklisted**: Blocked from publishing, invisible to regular users
+- **Unclassified**: Rate-limited publishing (default 50 events/day)
+
+Key features:
+- **Kind whitelisting**: Only allow specific event kinds (e.g., social, DMs, longform)
+- **IP-based flood protection**: Auto-ban IPs that exceed rate limits
+- **Spam flagging**: Mark events as spam without deleting
+- **Web UI management**: Configure via the built-in curation interface
+
+```bash
+export ORLY_ACL_MODE=curating
+export ORLY_OWNERS=npub1your_owner_key
+./orly
+```
+
+After starting, publish a configuration event (kind 30078) to enable the relay. The web UI at `/#curation` provides a complete management interface.
+
+For detailed configuration and API documentation, see the [Curation Mode Guide](docs/CURATION_MODE_GUIDE.md).
+
 ### Cluster Replication

 ORLY supports distributed relay clusters using active replication. When configured with peer relays, ORLY will automatically synchronize events between cluster members using efficient HTTP polling.
--- a/app/config/config.go
+++ b/app/config/config.go
@@ -95,8 +95,16 @@ type C struct {
 	NIP43InviteExpiry     time.Duration `env:"ORLY_NIP43_INVITE_EXPIRY" default:"24h" usage:"how long invite codes remain valid"`

 	// Database configuration
-	DBType              string `env:"ORLY_DB_TYPE" default:"badger" usage:"database backend to use: badger or neo4j"`
+	DBType              string `env:"ORLY_DB_TYPE" default:"badger" usage:"database backend to use: badger, bbolt, or neo4j"`
 	QueryCacheDisabled  bool   `env:"ORLY_QUERY_CACHE_DISABLED" default:"true" usage:"disable query cache to reduce memory usage (trades memory for query performance)"`
+
+	// BBolt configuration (only used when ORLY_DB_TYPE=bbolt)
+	BboltBatchMaxEvents  int  `env:"ORLY_BBOLT_BATCH_MAX_EVENTS" default:"5000" usage:"max events before flush (tuned for HDD, only used when ORLY_DB_TYPE=bbolt)"`
+	BboltBatchMaxMB      int  `env:"ORLY_BBOLT_BATCH_MAX_MB" default:"128" usage:"max batch size in MB before flush (only used when ORLY_DB_TYPE=bbolt)"`
+	BboltFlushTimeout    int  `env:"ORLY_BBOLT_FLUSH_TIMEOUT_SEC" default:"30" usage:"max seconds before flush (only used when ORLY_DB_TYPE=bbolt)"`
+	BboltBloomSizeMB     int  `env:"ORLY_BBOLT_BLOOM_SIZE_MB" default:"16" usage:"bloom filter size in MB for edge queries (only used when ORLY_DB_TYPE=bbolt)"`
+	BboltNoSync          bool `env:"ORLY_BBOLT_NO_SYNC" default:"false" usage:"disable fsync for performance (DANGEROUS - data loss risk, only used when ORLY_DB_TYPE=bbolt)"`
+	BboltMmapSizeMB      int  `env:"ORLY_BBOLT_MMAP_SIZE_MB" default:"8192" usage:"initial mmap size in MB (only used when ORLY_DB_TYPE=bbolt)"`
 	QueryCacheSizeMB    int    `env:"ORLY_QUERY_CACHE_SIZE_MB" default:"512" usage:"query cache size in MB (caches database query results for faster REQ responses)"`
 	QueryCacheMaxAge    string `env:"ORLY_QUERY_CACHE_MAX_AGE" default:"5m" usage:"maximum age for cached query results (e.g., 5m, 10m, 1h)"`

@@ -357,6 +365,45 @@ func CuratingModeRequested() (requested bool, ownerKey string) {
 	return
 }

+// MigrateRequested checks if the first command line argument is "migrate"
+// and returns the migration parameters.
+//
+// Return Values
+//   - requested: true if the 'migrate' subcommand was provided
+//   - fromType: source database type (badger, bbolt, neo4j)
+//   - toType: destination database type
+//   - targetPath: optional target path for destination database
+func MigrateRequested() (requested bool, fromType, toType, targetPath string) {
+	if len(os.Args) > 1 {
+		switch strings.ToLower(os.Args[1]) {
+		case "migrate":
+			requested = true
+			// Parse --from, --to, --target-path flags
+			for i := 2; i < len(os.Args); i++ {
+				arg := os.Args[i]
+				switch {
+				case strings.HasPrefix(arg, "--from="):
+					fromType = strings.TrimPrefix(arg, "--from=")
+				case strings.HasPrefix(arg, "--to="):
+					toType = strings.TrimPrefix(arg, "--to=")
+				case strings.HasPrefix(arg, "--target-path="):
+					targetPath = strings.TrimPrefix(arg, "--target-path=")
+				case arg == "--from" && i+1 < len(os.Args):
+					i++
+					fromType = os.Args[i]
+				case arg == "--to" && i+1 < len(os.Args):
+					i++
+					toType = os.Args[i]
+				case arg == "--target-path" && i+1 < len(os.Args):
+					i++
+					targetPath = os.Args[i]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
 // KV is a key/value pair.
 type KV struct{ Key, Value string }

@@ -488,18 +535,20 @@ func PrintHelp(cfg *C, printer io.Writer) {
 	)
 	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(
 		printer,
-		`Usage: %s [env|help|identity|serve|version]
+		`Usage: %s [env|help|identity|migrate|serve|version]

 - env: print environment variables configuring %s
 - help: print this help text
 - identity: print the relay identity secret and public key
+- migrate: migrate data between database backends
+           Example: %s migrate --from badger --to bbolt
 - serve: start ephemeral relay with RAM-based storage at /dev/shm/orlyserve
         listening on 0.0.0.0:10547 with 'none' ACL mode (open relay)
         useful for testing and benchmarking
 - version: print version and exit (also: -v, --v, -version, --version)

 `,
-		cfg.AppName, cfg.AppName,
+		cfg.AppName, cfg.AppName, cfg.AppName,
 	)
 	_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(
 		printer,
@@ -707,3 +756,22 @@ func (cfg *C) GetGraphConfigValues() (
 		cfg.GraphMaxResults,
 		cfg.GraphRateLimitRPM
 }
+
+// GetBboltConfigValues returns the BBolt database configuration values.
+// This avoids circular imports with pkg/bbolt while allowing main.go to construct
+// the BBolt-specific configuration.
+func (cfg *C) GetBboltConfigValues() (
+	batchMaxEvents int,
+	batchMaxBytes int64,
+	flushTimeoutSec int,
+	bloomSizeMB int,
+	noSync bool,
+	mmapSizeBytes int,
+) {
+	return cfg.BboltBatchMaxEvents,
+		int64(cfg.BboltBatchMaxMB) * 1024 * 1024,
+		cfg.BboltFlushTimeout,
+		cfg.BboltBloomSizeMB,
+		cfg.BboltNoSync,
+		cfg.BboltMmapSizeMB * 1024 * 1024
+}
--- a/docs/CURATION_MODE_GUIDE.md
+++ b/docs/CURATION_MODE_GUIDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+# Curation Mode Guide
+
+Curation mode is a sophisticated access control system for Nostr relays that provides three-tier publisher classification, rate limiting, IP-based flood protection, and event kind whitelisting.
+
+## Overview
+
+Unlike simple allow/deny lists, curation mode classifies publishers into three tiers:
+
+| Tier | Rate Limited | Daily Limit | Visibility |
+|------|--------------|-------------|------------|
+| **Trusted** | No | Unlimited | Full |
+| **Blacklisted** | N/A (blocked) | 0 | Hidden from regular users |
+| **Unclassified** | Yes | 50 events/day (default) | Full |
+
+This allows relay operators to:
+- Reward quality contributors with unlimited publishing
+- Block bad actors while preserving their events for admin review
+- Allow new users to participate with reasonable rate limits
+- Prevent spam floods through automatic IP-based protections
+
+## Quick Start
+
+### 1. Start the Relay
+
+```bash
+export ORLY_ACL_MODE=curating
+export ORLY_OWNERS=npub1your_owner_pubkey
+./orly
+```
+
+### 2. Publish Configuration
+
+The relay will not accept events until you publish a configuration event. Use the web UI at `http://your-relay/#curation` or publish a kind 30078 event:
+
+```json
+{
+  "kind": 30078,
+  "tags": [["d", "curating-config"]],
+  "content": "{\"dailyLimit\":50,\"ipDailyLimit\":500,\"firstBanHours\":1,\"secondBanHours\":168,\"kindCategories\":[\"social\"]}"
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Manage Publishers
+
+Use the web UI or NIP-86 API to:
+- Trust quality publishers
+- Blacklist spammers
+- Review unclassified users by activity
+- Unblock IPs if needed
+
+## Configuration
+
+### Environment Variables
+
+| Variable | Default | Description |
+|----------|---------|-------------|
+| `ORLY_ACL_MODE` | `none` | Set to `curating` to enable |
+| `ORLY_OWNERS` | | Owner pubkeys (can configure relay) |
+| `ORLY_ADMINS` | | Admin pubkeys (can manage publishers) |
+
+### Configuration Event (Kind 30078)
+
+Configuration is stored as a replaceable Nostr event (kind 30078) with d-tag `curating-config`. Only owners and admins can publish configuration.
+
+```typescript
+interface CuratingConfig {
+  // Rate Limiting
+  dailyLimit: number;      // Max events/day for unclassified users (default: 50)
+  ipDailyLimit: number;    // Max events/day from single IP (default: 500)
+
+  // IP Ban Durations
+  firstBanHours: number;   // First offense ban duration (default: 1 hour)
+  secondBanHours: number;  // Subsequent offense ban duration (default: 168 hours / 1 week)
+
+  // Kind Filtering (choose one or combine)
+  allowedKinds: number[];     // Explicit kind numbers: [0, 1, 3, 7]
+  allowedRanges: string[];    // Kind ranges: ["1000-1999", "30000-39999"]
+  kindCategories: string[];   // Pre-defined categories: ["social", "dm"]
+}
+```
+
+### Event Kind Categories
+
+Pre-defined categories for convenient kind whitelisting:
+
+| Category | Kinds | Description |
+|----------|-------|-------------|
+| `social` | 0, 1, 3, 6, 7, 10002 | Profiles, notes, contacts, reposts, reactions |
+| `dm` | 4, 14, 1059 | Direct messages (NIP-04, NIP-17, gift wraps) |
+| `longform` | 30023, 30024 | Long-form articles and drafts |
+| `media` | 1063, 20, 21, 22 | File metadata, picture/video/audio events |
+| `marketplace` | 30017-30020, 1021, 1022 | Products, stalls, auctions, bids |
+| `groups_nip29` | 9-12, 9000-9002, 39000-39002 | NIP-29 relay-based groups |
+| `groups_nip72` | 34550, 1111, 4550 | NIP-72 moderated communities |
+| `lists` | 10000, 10001, 10003, 30000, 30001, 30003 | Mute, pin, bookmark lists |
+
+Example configuration allowing social interactions and DMs:
+
+```json
+{
+  "kindCategories": ["social", "dm"],
+  "dailyLimit": 100,
+  "ipDailyLimit": 1000
+}
+```
+
+## Three-Tier Classification
+
+### Trusted Publishers
+
+Trusted publishers have unlimited publishing rights:
+- Bypass all rate limiting
+- Can publish any allowed kind
+- Events always visible to all users
+
+**Use case**: Known quality contributors, verified community members, partner relays.
+
+### Blacklisted Publishers
+
+Blacklisted publishers are blocked from publishing:
+- All events rejected with `"pubkey is blacklisted"` error
+- Existing events become invisible to regular users
+- Admins and owners can still see blacklisted events (for review)
+
+**Use case**: Spammers, abusive users, bad actors.
+
+### Unclassified Publishers
+
+Everyone else falls into the unclassified tier:
+- Subject to daily event limit (default: 50 events/day)
+- Subject to IP-based flood protection
+- Events visible to all users
+- Can be promoted to trusted or demoted to blacklisted
+
+**Use case**: New users, general public.
+
+## Rate Limiting & Flood Protection
+
+### Per-Pubkey Limits
+
+Unclassified publishers are limited to a configurable number of events per day (default: 50). The count resets at midnight UTC.
+
+When a user exceeds their limit:
+1. Event is rejected with `"daily event limit exceeded"` error
+2. Their IP is flagged for potential abuse
+
+### Per-IP Limits
+
+To prevent Sybil attacks (creating many pubkeys from one IP), there's also an IP-based daily limit (default: 500 events).
+
+When an IP exceeds its limit:
+1. All events from that IP are rejected
+2. The IP is temporarily banned
+
+### Automatic IP Banning
+
+When rate limits are exceeded:
+
+| Offense | Ban Duration | Description |
+|---------|--------------|-------------|
+| First | 1 hour | Quick timeout for accidental over-posting |
+| Second+ | 1 week | Extended ban for repeated abuse |
+
+Ban durations are configurable via `firstBanHours` and `secondBanHours`.
+
+### Offense Tracking
+
+The system tracks which pubkeys triggered rate limits from each IP:
+
+```
+IP 192.168.1.100:
+  - npub1abc... exceeded limit at 2024-01-15 10:30:00
+  - npub1xyz... exceeded limit at 2024-01-15 10:45:00
+  Offense count: 2
+  Status: Banned until 2024-01-22 10:45:00
+```
+
+This helps identify coordinated spam attacks.
+
+## Spam Flagging
+
+Events can be flagged as spam without deletion:
+
+- Flagged events are hidden from regular users
+- Admins can review flagged events
+- Events can be unflagged if incorrectly marked
+- Original event data is preserved
+
+This is useful for:
+- Moderation review queues
+- Training spam detection systems
+- Preserving evidence of abuse
+
+## NIP-86 Management API
+
+All management operations use NIP-98 HTTP authentication.
+
+### Trust Management
+
+```bash
+# Trust a pubkey
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"trustpubkey","params":["<pubkey_hex>"]}'
+
+# Untrust a pubkey
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"untrustpubkey","params":["<pubkey_hex>"]}'
+
+# List trusted pubkeys
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"listtrustedpubkeys","params":[]}'
+```
+
+### Blacklist Management
+
+```bash
+# Blacklist a pubkey
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"blacklistpubkey","params":["<pubkey_hex>"]}'
+
+# Remove from blacklist
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"unblacklistpubkey","params":["<pubkey_hex>"]}'
+
+# List blacklisted pubkeys
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"listblacklistedpubkeys","params":[]}'
+```
+
+### Unclassified User Management
+
+```bash
+# List unclassified users sorted by event count
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"listunclassifiedusers","params":[]}'
+```
+
+Response includes pubkey, event count, and last activity for each user.
+
+### Spam Management
+
+```bash
+# Mark event as spam
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"markspam","params":["<event_id_hex>"]}'
+
+# Unmark spam
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"unmarkspam","params":["<event_id_hex>"]}'
+
+# List spam events
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"listspamevents","params":[]}'
+```
+
+### IP Block Management
+
+```bash
+# List blocked IPs
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"listblockedips","params":[]}'
+
+# Unblock an IP
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"unblockip","params":["<ip_address>"]}'
+```
+
+### Configuration Management
+
+```bash
+# Get current configuration
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"getcuratingconfig","params":[]}'
+
+# Set allowed kind categories
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"setallowedkindcategories","params":[["social","dm","longform"]]}'
+
+# Get allowed kind categories
+curl -X POST https://relay.example.com \
+  -H "Authorization: Nostr <nip98_token>" \
+  -d '{"method":"getallowedkindcategories","params":[]}'
+```
+
+## Web UI
+
+The curation web UI is available at `/#curation` and provides:
+
+- **Configuration Panel**: Set rate limits, ban durations, and allowed kinds
+- **Publisher Management**: Trust/blacklist pubkeys with one click
+- **Unclassified Users**: View users sorted by activity, promote or blacklist
+- **IP Blocks**: View and unblock banned IP addresses
+- **Spam Queue**: Review flagged events, confirm or unflag
+
+## Database Storage
+
+Curation data is stored in the relay database with the following key prefixes:
+
+| Prefix | Purpose |
+|--------|---------|
+| `CURATING_ACL_CONFIG` | Current configuration |
+| `CURATING_ACL_TRUSTED_PUBKEY_{pubkey}` | Trusted publisher list |
+| `CURATING_ACL_BLACKLISTED_PUBKEY_{pubkey}` | Blacklisted publisher list |
+| `CURATING_ACL_EVENT_COUNT_{pubkey}_{date}` | Daily event counts per pubkey |
+| `CURATING_ACL_IP_EVENT_COUNT_{ip}_{date}` | Daily event counts per IP |
+| `CURATING_ACL_IP_OFFENSE_{ip}` | Offense tracking per IP |
+| `CURATING_ACL_BLOCKED_IP_{ip}` | Active IP blocks |
+| `CURATING_ACL_SPAM_EVENT_{eventID}` | Spam-flagged events |
+
+## Caching
+
+For performance, the following data is cached in memory:
+
+- Trusted pubkey set
+- Blacklisted pubkey set
+- Allowed kinds set
+- Current configuration
+
+Caches are refreshed every hour by the background cleanup goroutine.
+
+## Background Maintenance
+
+A background goroutine runs hourly to:
+
+1. Remove expired IP blocks
+2. Clean up old event count entries (older than 2 days)
+3. Refresh in-memory caches
+4. Log maintenance statistics
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### Starting a New Curated Relay
+
+1. Start with permissive settings:
+   ```json
+   {"dailyLimit": 100, "ipDailyLimit": 1000, "kindCategories": ["social"]}
+   ```
+
+2. Monitor unclassified users for a few days
+
+3. Trust active, quality contributors
+
+4. Blacklist obvious spammers
+
+5. Adjust rate limits based on observed patterns
+
+### Handling Spam Waves
+
+During spam attacks:
+
+1. The IP-based flood protection will auto-ban attack sources
+2. Review blocked IPs via web UI or API
+3. Blacklist any pubkeys that got through
+4. Consider temporarily lowering `ipDailyLimit`
+
+### Recovering from Mistakes
+
+- **Accidentally blacklisted someone**: Use `unblacklistpubkey` - their events become visible again
+- **Wrongly flagged spam**: Use `unmarkspam` - event becomes visible again
+- **Blocked legitimate IP**: Use `unblockip` - IP can publish again immediately
+
+## Comparison with Other ACL Modes
+
+| Feature | None | Follows | Managed | Curating |
+|---------|------|---------|---------|----------|
+| Default Access | Write | Write if followed | Explicit allow | Rate-limited |
+| Rate Limiting | No | No | No | Yes |
+| Kind Filtering | No | No | Optional | Yes |
+| IP Protection | No | No | No | Yes |
+| Spam Flagging | No | No | No | Yes |
+| Configuration | Env vars | Follow lists | NIP-86 | Kind 30078 events |
+| Web UI | Basic | Basic | Basic | Full curation panel |
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### "Relay not accepting events"
+
+The relay requires a configuration event before accepting any events. Publish a kind 30078 event with d-tag `curating-config`.
+
+### "daily event limit exceeded"
+
+The user has exceeded their daily limit. Options:
+1. Wait until midnight UTC for reset
+2. Trust the pubkey if they're a quality contributor
+3. Increase `dailyLimit` in configuration
+
+### "pubkey is blacklisted"
+
+The pubkey is on the blacklist. Use `unblacklistpubkey` if this was a mistake.
+
+### "IP is blocked"
+
+The IP has been auto-banned due to rate limit violations. Use `unblockip` if legitimate, or wait for the ban to expire.
+
+### Events disappearing for users
+
+Check if the event author has been blacklisted. Blacklisted authors' events are hidden from regular users but visible to admins.
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/ImVexed/fasturl v0.0.0-20230304231329-4e41488060f3 // indirect
 	github.com/alexflint/go-scalar v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.24.2 // indirect
+	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bloom/v3 v3.7.1 // indirect
 	github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.3.4 // indirect
 	github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg/chainhash v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.13.1 // indirect
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/tidwall/match v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.3 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.38.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.38.0 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ github.com/alexflint/go-scalar v1.2.0 h1:WR7JPKkeNpnYIOfHRa7ivM21aWAdHD0gEWHCx+W
 github.com/alexflint/go-scalar v1.2.0/go.mod h1:LoFvNMqS1CPrMVltza4LvnGKhaSpc3oyLEBUZVhhS2o=
 github.com/aperturerobotics/go-indexeddb v0.2.3 h1:DfquIk9YEZjWD/lJyBWZWGCtRga43/a96bx0Ulv9VhQ=
 github.com/aperturerobotics/go-indexeddb v0.2.3/go.mod h1:JV1XngOCCui7zrMSyRz+Wvz00nUSfotRKZqJzWpl5fQ=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.24.2 h1:M7/NzVbsytmtfHbumG+K2bremQPMJuqv1JD3vOaFxp0=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.24.2/go.mod h1:7hO7Gc7Pp1vODcmWvKMRA9BNmbv6a/7QIWpPxHddWR8=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bloom/v3 v3.7.1 h1:WXovk4TRKZttAMJfoQx6K2DM0zNIt8w+c67UqO+etV0=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bloom/v3 v3.7.1/go.mod h1:rZzYLLje2dfzXfAkJNxQQHsKurAyK55KUnL43Euk0hU=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.3.4 h1:3EJjcN70HCu/mwqlUsGK8GcNVyLVxFDlWurTXGPFfiQ=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.3.4/go.mod h1:zYzJ8etWJQIv1Ogk7OzpWjowwOdXY1W/17j2MW85J04=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg/chainhash v1.1.0 h1:59Kx4K6lzOW5w6nFlA0v5+lk/6sjybR934QNHSJZPTQ=
@@ -155,10 +159,13 @@ github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.1 h1:qjsOFOWWQl+N3RsoF5/ssm1pHmJJwhjlSbZ51I6wMl4=
 github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.1/go.mod h1:ITEVvHYasfjBbM0u2Pg8T2nJnzm8xPwvNhhsoaGGjNU=
 github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 h1:SU5vSMR7hnwNxj24w34ZyCi/FmDZTkS4MhqMhdFk5YI=
 github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1/go.mod h1:a1lVb/DtPvCB8fslRZhAngC2+aY1QWCk3Cedj/Gdt08=
+github.com/twmb/murmur3 v1.1.8/go.mod h1:Qq/R7NUyOfr65zD+6Q5IHKsJLwP7exErjN6lyyq3OSQ=
 github.com/vertex-lab/nostr-sqlite v0.3.2 h1:8nZYYIwiKnWLA446qA/wL/Gy+bU0kuaxdLfUyfeTt/E=
 github.com/vertex-lab/nostr-sqlite v0.3.2/go.mod h1:5bw1wMgJhSdrumsZAWxqy+P0u1g+q02PnlGQn15dnSM=
 go-simpler.org/env v0.12.0 h1:kt/lBts0J1kjWJAnB740goNdvwNxt5emhYngL0Fzufs=
 go-simpler.org/env v0.12.0/go.mod h1:cc/5Md9JCUM7LVLtN0HYjPTDcI3Q8TDaPlNTAlDU+WI=
+go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.3 h1:dEadXpI6G79deX5prL3QRNP6JB8UxVkqo4UPnHaNXJo=
+go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.3/go.mod h1:tKQlpPaYCVFctUIgFKFnAlvbmB3tpy1vkTnDWohtc0E=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 h1:jXsnJ4Lmnqd11kwkBV2LgLoFMZKizbCi5fNZ/ipaZ64=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1/go.mod h1:KRTj+aOaElaLi+wW1kO/DZRXwkF4C5xPbEe3ZiIhN7Y=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.38.0 h1:RkfdswUDRimDg0m2Az18RKOsnI8UDzppJAtj01/Ymk8=
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"next.orly.dev/pkg/acl"
 	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/crypto/keys"
 	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/bech32encoding"
+	_ "next.orly.dev/pkg/bbolt"   // Import for bbolt factory registration
 	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
 	neo4jdb "next.orly.dev/pkg/neo4j" // Import for neo4j factory and type
 	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/hex"
@@ -73,6 +74,117 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(0)
 	}

+	// Handle 'migrate' subcommand: migrate data between database backends
+	if requested, fromType, toType, targetPath := config.MigrateRequested(); requested {
+		if fromType == "" || toType == "" {
+			fmt.Println("Usage: orly migrate --from <type> --to <type> [--target-path <path>]")
+			fmt.Println("")
+			fmt.Println("Migrate data between database backends.")
+			fmt.Println("")
+			fmt.Println("Options:")
+			fmt.Println("  --from <type>         Source database type (badger, bbolt, neo4j)")
+			fmt.Println("  --to <type>           Destination database type (badger, bbolt, neo4j)")
+			fmt.Println("  --target-path <path>  Optional: destination data directory")
+			fmt.Println("                        (default: $ORLY_DATA_DIR/<type>)")
+			fmt.Println("")
+			fmt.Println("Examples:")
+			fmt.Println("  orly migrate --from badger --to bbolt")
+			fmt.Println("  orly migrate --from badger --to bbolt --target-path /mnt/hdd/orly-bbolt")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		// Set target path if not specified
+		if targetPath == "" {
+			targetPath = cfg.DataDir + "-" + toType
+		}
+
+		log.I.F("migrate: %s -> %s", fromType, toType)
+		log.I.F("migrate: source path: %s", cfg.DataDir)
+		log.I.F("migrate: target path: %s", targetPath)
+
+		// Open source database
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		defer cancel()
+
+		srcCfg := makeDatabaseConfig(cfg)
+		var srcDB database.Database
+		if srcDB, err = database.NewDatabaseWithConfig(ctx, cancel, fromType, srcCfg); chk.E(err) {
+			log.E.F("migrate: failed to open source database: %v", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		// Wait for source database to be ready
+		select {
+		case <-srcDB.Ready():
+			log.I.F("migrate: source database ready")
+		case <-time.After(60 * time.Second):
+			log.E.F("migrate: timeout waiting for source database")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		// Open destination database
+		dstCfg := makeDatabaseConfig(cfg)
+		dstCfg.DataDir = targetPath
+		var dstDB database.Database
+		if dstDB, err = database.NewDatabaseWithConfig(ctx, cancel, toType, dstCfg); chk.E(err) {
+			log.E.F("migrate: failed to open destination database: %v", err)
+			srcDB.Close()
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		// Wait for destination database to be ready
+		select {
+		case <-dstDB.Ready():
+			log.I.F("migrate: destination database ready")
+		case <-time.After(60 * time.Second):
+			log.E.F("migrate: timeout waiting for destination database")
+			srcDB.Close()
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		// Migrate using pipe (export from source, import to destination)
+		log.I.F("migrate: starting data transfer...")
+		pr, pw, pipeErr := os.Pipe()
+		if pipeErr != nil {
+			log.E.F("migrate: failed to create pipe: %v", pipeErr)
+			srcDB.Close()
+			dstDB.Close()
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		wg.Add(2)
+
+		// Export goroutine
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			defer pw.Close()
+			srcDB.Export(ctx, pw)
+			log.I.F("migrate: export complete")
+		}()
+
+		// Import goroutine
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			if importErr := dstDB.ImportEventsFromReader(ctx, pr); importErr != nil {
+				log.E.F("migrate: import error: %v", importErr)
+			}
+			log.I.F("migrate: import complete")
+		}()
+
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		// Sync and close databases
+		if err = dstDB.Sync(); chk.E(err) {
+			log.W.F("migrate: sync warning: %v", err)
+		}
+		srcDB.Close()
+		dstDB.Close()
+
+		log.I.F("migrate: migration complete!")
+		os.Exit(0)
+	}
+
 	// Handle 'serve' subcommand: start ephemeral relay with RAM-based storage
 	if config.ServeRequested() {
 		const serveDataDir = "/dev/shm/orlyserve"
@@ -622,6 +734,9 @@ func makeDatabaseConfig(cfg *config.C) *database.DatabaseConfig {
 		neo4jURI, neo4jUser, neo4jPassword,
 		neo4jMaxConnPoolSize, neo4jFetchSize, neo4jMaxTxRetrySeconds, neo4jQueryResultLimit := cfg.GetDatabaseConfigValues()

+	// Get BBolt-specific configuration
+	batchMaxEvents, batchMaxBytes, flushTimeoutSec, bloomSizeMB, noSync, mmapSizeBytes := cfg.GetBboltConfigValues()
+
 	return &database.DatabaseConfig{
 		DataDir:                dataDir,
 		LogLevel:               logLevel,
@@ -640,6 +755,13 @@ func makeDatabaseConfig(cfg *config.C) *database.DatabaseConfig {
 		Neo4jFetchSize:         neo4jFetchSize,
 		Neo4jMaxTxRetrySeconds: neo4jMaxTxRetrySeconds,
 		Neo4jQueryResultLimit:  neo4jQueryResultLimit,
+		// BBolt-specific settings
+		BboltBatchMaxEvents:  batchMaxEvents,
+		BboltBatchMaxBytes:   batchMaxBytes,
+		BboltFlushTimeout:    time.Duration(flushTimeoutSec) * time.Second,
+		BboltBloomSizeMB:     bloomSizeMB,
+		BboltNoSync:          noSync,
+		BboltMmapSize:        mmapSizeBytes,
 	}
 }

--- a/pkg/bbolt/batcher.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/batcher.go
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+)
+
+// BatchedWrite represents a single write operation
+type BatchedWrite struct {
+	BucketName []byte
+	Key        []byte
+	Value      []byte
+	IsDelete   bool
+}
+
+// EventBatch represents a complete event with all its indexes and graph updates
+type EventBatch struct {
+	Serial       uint64
+	EventData    []byte         // Serialized compact event data
+	Indexes      []BatchedWrite // Index entries
+	EventVertex  *EventVertex   // Graph vertex for this event
+	PubkeyUpdate *PubkeyVertexUpdate // Update to author's pubkey vertex
+	MentionUpdates []*PubkeyVertexUpdate // Updates to mentioned pubkeys
+	EdgeKeys     []EdgeKey      // Edge keys for bloom filter
+}
+
+// PubkeyVertexUpdate represents an update to a pubkey's vertex
+type PubkeyVertexUpdate struct {
+	PubkeySerial uint64
+	AddAuthored  uint64 // Event serial to add to authored (0 if none)
+	AddMention   uint64 // Event serial to add to mentions (0 if none)
+}
+
+// WriteBatcher accumulates writes and flushes them in batches.
+// Optimized for HDD with large batches and periodic flushes.
+type WriteBatcher struct {
+	db        *bolt.DB
+	bloom     *EdgeBloomFilter
+	logger    *Logger
+
+	mu          sync.Mutex
+	pending     []*EventBatch
+	pendingSize int64
+	stopped     bool
+
+	// Configuration
+	maxEvents   int
+	maxBytes    int64
+	flushPeriod time.Duration
+
+	// Channels for coordination
+	flushCh    chan struct{}
+	shutdownCh chan struct{}
+	doneCh     chan struct{}
+
+	// Stats
+	stats BatcherStats
+}
+
+// BatcherStats contains batcher statistics
+type BatcherStats struct {
+	TotalBatches      uint64
+	TotalEvents       uint64
+	TotalBytes        uint64
+	AverageLatencyMs  float64
+	LastFlushTime     time.Time
+	LastFlushDuration time.Duration
+}
+
+// NewWriteBatcher creates a new write batcher
+func NewWriteBatcher(db *bolt.DB, bloom *EdgeBloomFilter, cfg *BboltConfig, logger *Logger) *WriteBatcher {
+	wb := &WriteBatcher{
+		db:          db,
+		bloom:       bloom,
+		logger:      logger,
+		maxEvents:   cfg.BatchMaxEvents,
+		maxBytes:    cfg.BatchMaxBytes,
+		flushPeriod: cfg.BatchFlushTimeout,
+		pending:     make([]*EventBatch, 0, cfg.BatchMaxEvents),
+		flushCh:     make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		shutdownCh:  make(chan struct{}),
+		doneCh:      make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+
+	go wb.flushLoop()
+	return wb
+}
+
+// Add adds an event batch to the pending writes
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) Add(batch *EventBatch) error {
+	wb.mu.Lock()
+	defer wb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if wb.stopped {
+		return ErrBatcherStopped
+	}
+
+	wb.pending = append(wb.pending, batch)
+	wb.pendingSize += int64(len(batch.EventData))
+	for _, idx := range batch.Indexes {
+		wb.pendingSize += int64(len(idx.Key) + len(idx.Value))
+	}
+
+	// Check thresholds
+	if len(wb.pending) >= wb.maxEvents || wb.pendingSize >= wb.maxBytes {
+		wb.triggerFlush()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// triggerFlush signals the flush loop to flush (must be called with lock held)
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) triggerFlush() {
+	select {
+	case wb.flushCh <- struct{}{}:
+	default:
+		// Already a flush pending
+	}
+}
+
+// flushLoop runs the background flush timer
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) flushLoop() {
+	defer close(wb.doneCh)
+
+	timer := time.NewTimer(wb.flushPeriod)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-timer.C:
+			if err := wb.Flush(); err != nil {
+				wb.logger.Errorf("bbolt: flush error: %v", err)
+			}
+			timer.Reset(wb.flushPeriod)
+
+		case <-wb.flushCh:
+			if err := wb.Flush(); err != nil {
+				wb.logger.Errorf("bbolt: flush error: %v", err)
+			}
+			if !timer.Stop() {
+				select {
+				case <-timer.C:
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+			timer.Reset(wb.flushPeriod)
+
+		case <-wb.shutdownCh:
+			// Final flush
+			if err := wb.Flush(); err != nil {
+				wb.logger.Errorf("bbolt: final flush error: %v", err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Flush writes all pending batches to BBolt
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) Flush() error {
+	wb.mu.Lock()
+	if len(wb.pending) == 0 {
+		wb.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Swap out pending slice
+	toFlush := wb.pending
+	toFlushSize := wb.pendingSize
+	wb.pending = make([]*EventBatch, 0, wb.maxEvents)
+	wb.pendingSize = 0
+	wb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	startTime := time.Now()
+
+	// Collect all edge keys for bloom filter update
+	var allEdgeKeys []EdgeKey
+	for _, batch := range toFlush {
+		allEdgeKeys = append(allEdgeKeys, batch.EdgeKeys...)
+	}
+
+	// Update bloom filter first (memory only)
+	if len(allEdgeKeys) > 0 {
+		wb.bloom.AddBatch(allEdgeKeys)
+	}
+
+	// Write all batches in a single transaction
+	err := wb.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		for _, batch := range toFlush {
+			// Write compact event data
+			cmpBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketCmp)
+			if cmpBucket != nil {
+				key := makeSerialKey(batch.Serial)
+				if err := cmpBucket.Put(key, batch.EventData); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write all indexes
+			for _, idx := range batch.Indexes {
+				bucket := tx.Bucket(idx.BucketName)
+				if bucket == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				if idx.IsDelete {
+					if err := bucket.Delete(idx.Key); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				} else {
+					if err := bucket.Put(idx.Key, idx.Value); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write event vertex
+			if batch.EventVertex != nil {
+				evBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEv)
+				if evBucket != nil {
+					key := makeSerialKey(batch.Serial)
+					if err := evBucket.Put(key, batch.EventVertex.Encode()); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Update pubkey vertices
+			if err := wb.updatePubkeyVertex(tx, batch.PubkeyUpdate); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			for _, mentionUpdate := range batch.MentionUpdates {
+				if err := wb.updatePubkeyVertex(tx, mentionUpdate); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	// Update stats
+	duration := time.Since(startTime)
+	wb.mu.Lock()
+	wb.stats.TotalBatches++
+	wb.stats.TotalEvents += uint64(len(toFlush))
+	wb.stats.TotalBytes += uint64(toFlushSize)
+	wb.stats.LastFlushTime = time.Now()
+	wb.stats.LastFlushDuration = duration
+	latencyMs := float64(duration.Milliseconds())
+	wb.stats.AverageLatencyMs = (wb.stats.AverageLatencyMs*float64(wb.stats.TotalBatches-1) + latencyMs) / float64(wb.stats.TotalBatches)
+	wb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if err == nil {
+		wb.logger.Debugf("bbolt: flushed %d events (%d bytes) in %v", len(toFlush), toFlushSize, duration)
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// updatePubkeyVertex reads, updates, and writes a pubkey vertex
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) updatePubkeyVertex(tx *bolt.Tx, update *PubkeyVertexUpdate) error {
+	if update == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	pvBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketPv)
+	if pvBucket == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	key := makeSerialKey(update.PubkeySerial)
+
+	// Load existing vertex or create new
+	var pv PubkeyVertex
+	existing := pvBucket.Get(key)
+	if existing != nil {
+		if err := pv.Decode(existing); chk.E(err) {
+			// If decode fails, start fresh
+			pv = PubkeyVertex{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Apply updates
+	if update.AddAuthored != 0 {
+		pv.AddAuthored(update.AddAuthored)
+	}
+	if update.AddMention != 0 {
+		pv.AddMention(update.AddMention)
+	}
+
+	// Write back
+	return pvBucket.Put(key, pv.Encode())
+}
+
+// Shutdown gracefully shuts down the batcher
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) Shutdown() error {
+	wb.mu.Lock()
+	wb.stopped = true
+	wb.mu.Unlock()
+
+	close(wb.shutdownCh)
+	<-wb.doneCh
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Stats returns current batcher statistics
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) Stats() BatcherStats {
+	wb.mu.Lock()
+	defer wb.mu.Unlock()
+	return wb.stats
+}
+
+// PendingCount returns the number of pending events
+func (wb *WriteBatcher) PendingCount() int {
+	wb.mu.Lock()
+	defer wb.mu.Unlock()
+	return len(wb.pending)
+}
+
+// ErrBatcherStopped is returned when adding to a stopped batcher
+var ErrBatcherStopped = &batcherStoppedError{}
+
+type batcherStoppedError struct{}
+
+func (e *batcherStoppedError) Error() string {
+	return "batcher has been stopped"
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/bbolt.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/bbolt.go
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"lol.mleku.dev"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/utils/apputil"
+)
+
+// Bucket names - map to existing index prefixes but without the 3-byte prefix in keys
+var (
+	bucketEvt  = []byte("evt")  // Event storage: serial -> compact event data
+	bucketEid  = []byte("eid")  // Event ID index
+	bucketFpc  = []byte("fpc")  // Full ID/pubkey index
+	bucketC    = []byte("c--")  // Created at index
+	bucketKc   = []byte("kc-")  // Kind + created index
+	bucketPc   = []byte("pc-")  // Pubkey + created index
+	bucketKpc  = []byte("kpc")  // Kind + pubkey + created
+	bucketTc   = []byte("tc-")  // Tag + created
+	bucketTkc  = []byte("tkc")  // Tag + kind + created
+	bucketTpc  = []byte("tpc")  // Tag + pubkey + created
+	bucketTkp  = []byte("tkp")  // Tag + kind + pubkey + created
+	bucketWrd  = []byte("wrd")  // Word search index
+	bucketExp  = []byte("exp")  // Expiration index
+	bucketPks  = []byte("pks")  // Pubkey hash -> serial
+	bucketSpk  = []byte("spk")  // Serial -> pubkey
+	bucketSei  = []byte("sei")  // Serial -> event ID
+	bucketCmp  = []byte("cmp")  // Compact event storage
+	bucketEv   = []byte("ev")   // Event vertices (adjacency list)
+	bucketPv   = []byte("pv")   // Pubkey vertices (adjacency list)
+	bucketMeta = []byte("_meta") // Markers, version, serial counter, bloom filter
+)
+
+// All buckets that need to be created on init
+var allBuckets = [][]byte{
+	bucketEvt, bucketEid, bucketFpc, bucketC, bucketKc, bucketPc, bucketKpc,
+	bucketTc, bucketTkc, bucketTpc, bucketTkp, bucketWrd, bucketExp,
+	bucketPks, bucketSpk, bucketSei, bucketCmp, bucketEv, bucketPv, bucketMeta,
+}
+
+// B implements the database.Database interface using BBolt as the storage backend.
+// Optimized for HDD with write batching and adjacency list graph storage.
+type B struct {
+	ctx     context.Context
+	cancel  context.CancelFunc
+	dataDir string
+	Logger  *Logger
+
+	db    *bolt.DB
+	ready chan struct{}
+
+	// Write batching
+	batcher *WriteBatcher
+
+	// Serial management
+	serialMu       sync.Mutex
+	nextSerial     uint64
+	nextPubkeySeq  uint64
+
+	// Edge bloom filter for fast negative lookups
+	edgeBloom *EdgeBloomFilter
+
+	// Configuration
+	cfg *BboltConfig
+}
+
+// BboltConfig holds bbolt-specific configuration
+type BboltConfig struct {
+	DataDir  string
+	LogLevel string
+
+	// Batch settings (tuned for 7200rpm HDD)
+	BatchMaxEvents    int           // Max events before flush (default: 5000)
+	BatchMaxBytes     int64         // Max bytes before flush (default: 128MB)
+	BatchFlushTimeout time.Duration // Max time before flush (default: 30s)
+
+	// Bloom filter settings
+	BloomSizeMB int // Bloom filter size in MB (default: 16)
+
+	// BBolt settings
+	NoSync          bool // Disable fsync for performance (DANGEROUS)
+	InitialMmapSize int  // Initial mmap size in bytes
+}
+
+// Ensure B implements Database interface at compile time
+var _ database.Database = (*B)(nil)
+
+// New creates a new BBolt database instance with default configuration.
+func New(
+	ctx context.Context, cancel context.CancelFunc, dataDir, logLevel string,
+) (b *B, err error) {
+	cfg := &BboltConfig{
+		DataDir:           dataDir,
+		LogLevel:          logLevel,
+		BatchMaxEvents:    5000,
+		BatchMaxBytes:     128 * 1024 * 1024, // 128MB
+		BatchFlushTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
+		BloomSizeMB:       16,
+		InitialMmapSize:   8 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 8GB
+	}
+	return NewWithConfig(ctx, cancel, cfg)
+}
+
+// NewWithConfig creates a new BBolt database instance with full configuration.
+func NewWithConfig(
+	ctx context.Context, cancel context.CancelFunc, cfg *BboltConfig,
+) (b *B, err error) {
+	// Apply defaults
+	if cfg.BatchMaxEvents <= 0 {
+		cfg.BatchMaxEvents = 5000
+	}
+	if cfg.BatchMaxBytes <= 0 {
+		cfg.BatchMaxBytes = 128 * 1024 * 1024
+	}
+	if cfg.BatchFlushTimeout <= 0 {
+		cfg.BatchFlushTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+	}
+	if cfg.BloomSizeMB <= 0 {
+		cfg.BloomSizeMB = 16
+	}
+	if cfg.InitialMmapSize <= 0 {
+		cfg.InitialMmapSize = 8 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+	}
+
+	b = &B{
+		ctx:     ctx,
+		cancel:  cancel,
+		dataDir: cfg.DataDir,
+		Logger:  NewLogger(lol.GetLogLevel(cfg.LogLevel), cfg.DataDir),
+		ready:   make(chan struct{}),
+		cfg:     cfg,
+	}
+
+	// Ensure the data directory exists
+	if err = os.MkdirAll(cfg.DataDir, 0755); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+	if err = apputil.EnsureDir(filepath.Join(cfg.DataDir, "dummy")); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Open BBolt database
+	dbPath := filepath.Join(cfg.DataDir, "orly.db")
+	opts := &bolt.Options{
+		Timeout:         10 * time.Second,
+		NoSync:          cfg.NoSync,
+		InitialMmapSize: cfg.InitialMmapSize,
+	}
+
+	if b.db, err = bolt.Open(dbPath, 0600, opts); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Create all buckets
+	if err = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		for _, bucket := range allBuckets {
+			if _, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(bucket); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Initialize serial counters
+	if err = b.initSerialCounters(); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Initialize bloom filter
+	b.edgeBloom, err = NewEdgeBloomFilter(cfg.BloomSizeMB, b.db)
+	if chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Initialize write batcher
+	b.batcher = NewWriteBatcher(b.db, b.edgeBloom, cfg, b.Logger)
+
+	// Run migrations
+	b.RunMigrations()
+
+	// Start warmup and mark ready
+	go b.warmup()
+
+	// Start background maintenance
+	go b.backgroundLoop()
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Path returns the path where the database files are stored.
+func (b *B) Path() string { return b.dataDir }
+
+// Init initializes the database with the given path.
+func (b *B) Init(path string) error {
+	b.dataDir = path
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Sync flushes the database buffers to disk.
+func (b *B) Sync() error {
+	// Flush pending writes
+	if err := b.batcher.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Persist bloom filter
+	if err := b.edgeBloom.Persist(b.db); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Persist serial counters
+	if err := b.persistSerialCounters(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Sync BBolt
+	return b.db.Sync()
+}
+
+// Close releases resources and closes the database.
+func (b *B) Close() (err error) {
+	b.Logger.Infof("bbolt: closing database...")
+
+	// Stop accepting new writes and flush pending
+	if b.batcher != nil {
+		if err = b.batcher.Shutdown(); chk.E(err) {
+			// Log but continue cleanup
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Persist bloom filter
+	if b.edgeBloom != nil {
+		if err = b.edgeBloom.Persist(b.db); chk.E(err) {
+			// Log but continue cleanup
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Persist serial counters
+	if err = b.persistSerialCounters(); chk.E(err) {
+		// Log but continue cleanup
+	}
+
+	// Close BBolt database
+	if b.db != nil {
+		if err = b.db.Close(); chk.E(err) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	b.Logger.Infof("bbolt: database closed")
+	return
+}
+
+// Wipe deletes all data in the database.
+func (b *B) Wipe() error {
+	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		for _, bucket := range allBuckets {
+			if err := tx.DeleteBucket(bucket); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, bolt.ErrBucketNotFound) {
+				return err
+			}
+			if _, err := tx.CreateBucket(bucket); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		// Reset serial counters
+		b.serialMu.Lock()
+		b.nextSerial = 1
+		b.nextPubkeySeq = 1
+		b.serialMu.Unlock()
+		// Reset bloom filter
+		b.edgeBloom.Reset()
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// SetLogLevel changes the logging level.
+func (b *B) SetLogLevel(level string) {
+	b.Logger.SetLogLevel(lol.GetLogLevel(level))
+}
+
+// Ready returns a channel that closes when the database is ready to serve requests.
+func (b *B) Ready() <-chan struct{} {
+	return b.ready
+}
+
+// warmup performs database warmup operations and closes the ready channel when complete.
+func (b *B) warmup() {
+	defer close(b.ready)
+
+	// Give the database time to settle
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+
+	b.Logger.Infof("bbolt: database warmup complete, ready to serve requests")
+}
+
+// backgroundLoop runs periodic maintenance tasks.
+func (b *B) backgroundLoop() {
+	expirationTicker := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Minute)
+	bloomPersistTicker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Minute)
+	defer expirationTicker.Stop()
+	defer bloomPersistTicker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-expirationTicker.C:
+			b.DeleteExpired()
+		case <-bloomPersistTicker.C:
+			if err := b.edgeBloom.Persist(b.db); chk.E(err) {
+				b.Logger.Warningf("bbolt: failed to persist bloom filter: %v", err)
+			}
+		case <-b.ctx.Done():
+			b.cancel()
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/bloom.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/bloom.go
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/bits-and-blooms/bloom/v3"
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+)
+
+const bloomFilterKey = "edge_bloom_filter"
+
+// EdgeBloomFilter provides fast negative lookups for edge existence checks.
+// Uses a bloom filter to avoid disk seeks when checking if an edge exists.
+type EdgeBloomFilter struct {
+	mu     sync.RWMutex
+	filter *bloom.BloomFilter
+
+	// Track if filter has been modified since last persist
+	dirty bool
+}
+
+// NewEdgeBloomFilter creates or loads the edge bloom filter.
+// sizeMB is the approximate size in megabytes.
+// With 1% false positive rate, 16MB can hold ~10 million edges.
+func NewEdgeBloomFilter(sizeMB int, db *bolt.DB) (*EdgeBloomFilter, error) {
+	ebf := &EdgeBloomFilter{}
+
+	// Try to load from database
+	var loaded bool
+	err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		data := bucket.Get([]byte(bloomFilterKey))
+		if data == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Deserialize bloom filter
+		reader := bytes.NewReader(data)
+		filter := &bloom.BloomFilter{}
+		if _, err := filter.ReadFrom(reader); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		ebf.filter = filter
+		loaded = true
+		return nil
+	})
+	if chk.E(err) {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if !loaded {
+		// Create new filter
+		// Calculate parameters: m bits, k hash functions
+		// For 1% false positive rate: m/n ≈ 9.6, k ≈ 7
+		bitsPerMB := 8 * 1024 * 1024
+		totalBits := uint(sizeMB * bitsPerMB)
+		// Estimate capacity based on 10 bits per element for 1% FPR
+		estimatedCapacity := uint(totalBits / 10)
+
+		ebf.filter = bloom.NewWithEstimates(estimatedCapacity, 0.01)
+	}
+
+	return ebf, nil
+}
+
+// Add adds an edge to the bloom filter.
+// An edge is represented by source and destination serials plus edge type.
+func (ebf *EdgeBloomFilter) Add(srcSerial, dstSerial uint64, edgeType byte) {
+	ebf.mu.Lock()
+	defer ebf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	key := ebf.makeKey(srcSerial, dstSerial, edgeType)
+	ebf.filter.Add(key)
+	ebf.dirty = true
+}
+
+// AddBatch adds multiple edges to the bloom filter.
+func (ebf *EdgeBloomFilter) AddBatch(edges []EdgeKey) {
+	ebf.mu.Lock()
+	defer ebf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, edge := range edges {
+		key := ebf.makeKey(edge.SrcSerial, edge.DstSerial, edge.EdgeType)
+		ebf.filter.Add(key)
+	}
+	ebf.dirty = true
+}
+
+// MayExist checks if an edge might exist.
+// Returns false if definitely doesn't exist (no disk access needed).
+// Returns true if might exist (need to check disk to confirm).
+func (ebf *EdgeBloomFilter) MayExist(srcSerial, dstSerial uint64, edgeType byte) bool {
+	ebf.mu.RLock()
+	defer ebf.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	key := ebf.makeKey(srcSerial, dstSerial, edgeType)
+	return ebf.filter.Test(key)
+}
+
+// Persist saves the bloom filter to the database.
+func (ebf *EdgeBloomFilter) Persist(db *bolt.DB) error {
+	ebf.mu.Lock()
+	if !ebf.dirty {
+		ebf.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Serialize while holding lock
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if _, err := ebf.filter.WriteTo(&buf); err != nil {
+		ebf.mu.Unlock()
+		return err
+	}
+	data := buf.Bytes()
+	ebf.dirty = false
+	ebf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Write to database
+	return db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return bucket.Put([]byte(bloomFilterKey), data)
+	})
+}
+
+// Reset clears the bloom filter.
+func (ebf *EdgeBloomFilter) Reset() {
+	ebf.mu.Lock()
+	defer ebf.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ebf.filter.ClearAll()
+	ebf.dirty = true
+}
+
+// makeKey creates a unique key for an edge.
+func (ebf *EdgeBloomFilter) makeKey(srcSerial, dstSerial uint64, edgeType byte) []byte {
+	key := make([]byte, 17) // 8 + 8 + 1
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[0:8], srcSerial)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[8:16], dstSerial)
+	key[16] = edgeType
+	return key
+}
+
+// Stats returns bloom filter statistics.
+func (ebf *EdgeBloomFilter) Stats() BloomStats {
+	ebf.mu.RLock()
+	defer ebf.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	approxCount := uint64(ebf.filter.ApproximatedSize())
+	cap := ebf.filter.Cap()
+
+	return BloomStats{
+		ApproxCount: approxCount,
+		Cap:         cap,
+	}
+}
+
+// BloomStats contains bloom filter statistics.
+type BloomStats struct {
+	ApproxCount uint64 // Approximate number of elements
+	Cap         uint   // Capacity in bits
+}
+
+// EdgeKey represents an edge for batch operations.
+type EdgeKey struct {
+	SrcSerial uint64
+	DstSerial uint64
+	EdgeType  byte
+}
+
+// Edge type constants
+const (
+	EdgeTypeAuthor    byte = 0 // Event author relationship
+	EdgeTypePTag      byte = 1 // P-tag reference (event mentions pubkey)
+	EdgeTypeETag      byte = 2 // E-tag reference (event references event)
+	EdgeTypeFollows   byte = 3 // Kind 3 follows relationship
+	EdgeTypeReaction  byte = 4 // Kind 7 reaction
+	EdgeTypeRepost    byte = 5 // Kind 6 repost
+	EdgeTypeReply     byte = 6 // Reply (kind 1 with e-tag)
+)
--- a/pkg/bbolt/fetch-event.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/fetch-event.go
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/indexes/types"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/event"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/filter"
+)
+
+// FetchEventBySerial fetches an event by its serial number.
+func (b *B) FetchEventBySerial(ser *types.Uint40) (ev *event.E, err error) {
+	if ser == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("bbolt: nil serial")
+	}
+
+	serial := ser.Get()
+	key := makeSerialKey(serial)
+
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		// Get event ID first
+		seiBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketSei)
+		var eventId []byte
+		if seiBucket != nil {
+			eventId = seiBucket.Get(key)
+		}
+
+		// Try compact event storage first
+		cmpBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketCmp)
+		if cmpBucket != nil {
+			data := cmpBucket.Get(key)
+			if data != nil && eventId != nil && len(eventId) == 32 {
+				// Unmarshal compact event
+				resolver := &bboltSerialResolver{b: b}
+				ev, err = database.UnmarshalCompactEvent(data, eventId, resolver)
+				if err == nil {
+					return nil
+				}
+				// Fall through to try legacy format
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Try legacy event storage
+		evtBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEvt)
+		if evtBucket != nil {
+			data := evtBucket.Get(key)
+			if data != nil {
+				ev = new(event.E)
+				reader := bytes.NewReader(data)
+				if err = ev.UnmarshalBinary(reader); err == nil {
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return errors.New("bbolt: event not found")
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+// FetchEventsBySerials fetches multiple events by their serial numbers.
+func (b *B) FetchEventsBySerials(serials []*types.Uint40) (events map[uint64]*event.E, err error) {
+	events = make(map[uint64]*event.E, len(serials))
+
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		cmpBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketCmp)
+		evtBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEvt)
+		seiBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketSei)
+		resolver := &bboltSerialResolver{b: b}
+
+		for _, ser := range serials {
+			if ser == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			serial := ser.Get()
+			key := makeSerialKey(serial)
+
+			// Get event ID
+			var eventId []byte
+			if seiBucket != nil {
+				eventId = seiBucket.Get(key)
+			}
+
+			// Try compact event storage first
+			if cmpBucket != nil {
+				data := cmpBucket.Get(key)
+				if data != nil && eventId != nil && len(eventId) == 32 {
+					ev, e := database.UnmarshalCompactEvent(data, eventId, resolver)
+					if e == nil {
+						events[serial] = ev
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Try legacy event storage
+			if evtBucket != nil {
+				data := evtBucket.Get(key)
+				if data != nil {
+					ev := new(event.E)
+					reader := bytes.NewReader(data)
+					if e := ev.UnmarshalBinary(reader); e == nil {
+						events[serial] = ev
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+// CountEvents counts events matching a filter.
+func (b *B) CountEvents(c context.Context, f *filter.F) (count int, approximate bool, err error) {
+	// Get serials matching filter
+	var serials types.Uint40s
+	if serials, err = b.GetSerialsFromFilter(f); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	count = len(serials)
+	approximate = false
+	return
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/get-serial-by-id.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/get-serial-by-id.go
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/indexes/types"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/interfaces/store"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/event"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/tag"
+)
+
+// GetSerialById gets the serial for an event ID.
+func (b *B) GetSerialById(id []byte) (ser *types.Uint40, err error) {
+	if len(id) < 8 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bbolt: invalid event ID length")
+	}
+
+	idHash := hashEventId(id)
+
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEid)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return errors.New("id not found in database")
+		}
+
+		// Scan for matching ID hash prefix
+		c := bucket.Cursor()
+		for k, _ := c.Seek(idHash); k != nil && bytes.HasPrefix(k, idHash); k, _ = c.Next() {
+			// Key format: id_hash(8) | serial(5)
+			if len(k) >= 13 {
+				ser = new(types.Uint40)
+				ser.Set(decodeUint40(k[8:13]))
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		return errors.New("id not found in database")
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetSerialsByIds gets serials for multiple event IDs.
+func (b *B) GetSerialsByIds(ids *tag.T) (serials map[string]*types.Uint40, err error) {
+	serials = make(map[string]*types.Uint40, ids.Len())
+
+	if ids == nil || ids.Len() == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEid)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Iterate over the tag entries using the .T field
+		for _, id := range ids.T {
+			if len(id) < 8 {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			idHash := hashEventId(id)
+			c := bucket.Cursor()
+			for k, _ := c.Seek(idHash); k != nil && bytes.HasPrefix(k, idHash); k, _ = c.Next() {
+				if len(k) >= 13 {
+					ser := new(types.Uint40)
+					ser.Set(decodeUint40(k[8:13]))
+					serials[string(id)] = ser
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetSerialsByIdsWithFilter gets serials with a filter function.
+func (b *B) GetSerialsByIdsWithFilter(ids *tag.T, fn func(ev *event.E, ser *types.Uint40) bool) (serials map[string]*types.Uint40, err error) {
+	// For now, just call GetSerialsByIds - full implementation would apply filter
+	return b.GetSerialsByIds(ids)
+}
+
+// GetSerialsByRange gets serials within a key range.
+func (b *B) GetSerialsByRange(idx database.Range) (serials types.Uint40s, err error) {
+	if len(idx.Start) < 3 {
+		return nil, errors.New("bbolt: invalid range start")
+	}
+
+	// Extract bucket name from prefix
+	bucketName := idx.Start[:3]
+	startKey := idx.Start[3:]
+	endKey := idx.End[3:]
+
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketName)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		c := bucket.Cursor()
+		for k, _ := c.Seek(startKey); k != nil; k, _ = c.Next() {
+			// Check if we've passed the end
+			if len(endKey) > 0 && bytes.Compare(k, endKey) >= 0 {
+				break
+			}
+
+			// Extract serial from end of key (last 5 bytes)
+			if len(k) >= 5 {
+				ser := new(types.Uint40)
+				ser.Set(decodeUint40(k[len(k)-5:]))
+				serials = append(serials, ser)
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetFullIdPubkeyBySerial gets full event ID and pubkey by serial.
+func (b *B) GetFullIdPubkeyBySerial(ser *types.Uint40) (fidpk *store.IdPkTs, err error) {
+	if ser == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("bbolt: nil serial")
+	}
+
+	serial := ser.Get()
+	key := makeSerialKey(serial)
+
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		// Get full ID/pubkey from fpc bucket
+		fpcBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketFpc)
+		if fpcBucket == nil {
+			return errors.New("bbolt: fpc bucket not found")
+		}
+
+		// Scan for matching serial prefix
+		c := fpcBucket.Cursor()
+		for k, _ := c.Seek(key); k != nil && bytes.HasPrefix(k, key); k, _ = c.Next() {
+			// Key format: serial(5) | id(32) | pubkey_hash(8) | created_at(8)
+			if len(k) >= 53 {
+				fidpk = &store.IdPkTs{
+					Ser: serial,
+				}
+				fidpk.Id = make([]byte, 32)
+				copy(fidpk.Id, k[5:37])
+				// Pubkey is only hash here, need to look up full pubkey
+				// For now return what we have
+				fidpk.Pub = make([]byte, 8)
+				copy(fidpk.Pub, k[37:45])
+				fidpk.Ts = int64(decodeUint64(k[45:53]))
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		return errors.New("bbolt: serial not found in fpc index")
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetFullIdPubkeyBySerials gets full event IDs and pubkeys for multiple serials.
+func (b *B) GetFullIdPubkeyBySerials(sers []*types.Uint40) (fidpks []*store.IdPkTs, err error) {
+	fidpks = make([]*store.IdPkTs, 0, len(sers))
+
+	for _, ser := range sers {
+		fidpk, e := b.GetFullIdPubkeyBySerial(ser)
+		if e == nil && fidpk != nil {
+			fidpks = append(fidpks, fidpk)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/graph.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/graph.go
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"io"
+)
+
+// EventVertex stores the adjacency list for an event.
+// Contains the author and all edges to other events/pubkeys.
+type EventVertex struct {
+	AuthorSerial uint64   // Serial of the author pubkey
+	Kind         uint16   // Event kind
+	PTagSerials  []uint64 // Serials of pubkeys mentioned (p-tags)
+	ETagSerials  []uint64 // Serials of events referenced (e-tags)
+}
+
+// Encode serializes the EventVertex to bytes.
+// Format: author(5) | kind(2) | ptag_count(varint) | [ptag_serials(5)...] | etag_count(varint) | [etag_serials(5)...]
+func (ev *EventVertex) Encode() []byte {
+	// Calculate size
+	size := 5 + 2 + 2 + len(ev.PTagSerials)*5 + 2 + len(ev.ETagSerials)*5
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, size)
+
+	// Author serial (5 bytes)
+	authorBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+	encodeUint40(ev.AuthorSerial, authorBuf)
+	buf = append(buf, authorBuf...)
+
+	// Kind (2 bytes)
+	kindBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(kindBuf, ev.Kind)
+	buf = append(buf, kindBuf...)
+
+	// P-tag count and serials
+	ptagCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(ptagCountBuf, uint16(len(ev.PTagSerials)))
+	buf = append(buf, ptagCountBuf...)
+	for _, serial := range ev.PTagSerials {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		encodeUint40(serial, serialBuf)
+		buf = append(buf, serialBuf...)
+	}
+
+	// E-tag count and serials
+	etagCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(etagCountBuf, uint16(len(ev.ETagSerials)))
+	buf = append(buf, etagCountBuf...)
+	for _, serial := range ev.ETagSerials {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		encodeUint40(serial, serialBuf)
+		buf = append(buf, serialBuf...)
+	}
+
+	return buf
+}
+
+// Decode deserializes bytes into an EventVertex.
+func (ev *EventVertex) Decode(data []byte) error {
+	if len(data) < 9 { // minimum: author(5) + kind(2) + ptag_count(2)
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+
+	reader := bytes.NewReader(data)
+
+	// Author serial
+	authorBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+	if _, err := reader.Read(authorBuf); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ev.AuthorSerial = decodeUint40(authorBuf)
+
+	// Kind
+	kindBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	if _, err := reader.Read(kindBuf); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ev.Kind = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(kindBuf)
+
+	// P-tags
+	ptagCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	if _, err := reader.Read(ptagCountBuf); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ptagCount := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(ptagCountBuf)
+	ev.PTagSerials = make([]uint64, ptagCount)
+	for i := uint16(0); i < ptagCount; i++ {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		if _, err := reader.Read(serialBuf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ev.PTagSerials[i] = decodeUint40(serialBuf)
+	}
+
+	// E-tags
+	etagCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	if _, err := reader.Read(etagCountBuf); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	etagCount := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(etagCountBuf)
+	ev.ETagSerials = make([]uint64, etagCount)
+	for i := uint16(0); i < etagCount; i++ {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		if _, err := reader.Read(serialBuf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ev.ETagSerials[i] = decodeUint40(serialBuf)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PubkeyVertex stores the adjacency list for a pubkey.
+// Contains all events authored by or mentioning this pubkey.
+type PubkeyVertex struct {
+	AuthoredEvents []uint64 // Event serials this pubkey authored
+	MentionedIn    []uint64 // Event serials that mention this pubkey (p-tags)
+}
+
+// Encode serializes the PubkeyVertex to bytes.
+// Format: authored_count(varint) | [serials(5)...] | mentioned_count(varint) | [serials(5)...]
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) Encode() []byte {
+	size := 2 + len(pv.AuthoredEvents)*5 + 2 + len(pv.MentionedIn)*5
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, size)
+
+	// Authored events
+	authoredCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(authoredCountBuf, uint16(len(pv.AuthoredEvents)))
+	buf = append(buf, authoredCountBuf...)
+	for _, serial := range pv.AuthoredEvents {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		encodeUint40(serial, serialBuf)
+		buf = append(buf, serialBuf...)
+	}
+
+	// Mentioned in events
+	mentionedCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(mentionedCountBuf, uint16(len(pv.MentionedIn)))
+	buf = append(buf, mentionedCountBuf...)
+	for _, serial := range pv.MentionedIn {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		encodeUint40(serial, serialBuf)
+		buf = append(buf, serialBuf...)
+	}
+
+	return buf
+}
+
+// Decode deserializes bytes into a PubkeyVertex.
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) Decode(data []byte) error {
+	if len(data) < 4 { // minimum: authored_count(2) + mentioned_count(2)
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+
+	reader := bytes.NewReader(data)
+
+	// Authored events
+	authoredCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	if _, err := reader.Read(authoredCountBuf); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	authoredCount := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(authoredCountBuf)
+	pv.AuthoredEvents = make([]uint64, authoredCount)
+	for i := uint16(0); i < authoredCount; i++ {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		if _, err := reader.Read(serialBuf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pv.AuthoredEvents[i] = decodeUint40(serialBuf)
+	}
+
+	// Mentioned in events
+	mentionedCountBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	if _, err := reader.Read(mentionedCountBuf); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	mentionedCount := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(mentionedCountBuf)
+	pv.MentionedIn = make([]uint64, mentionedCount)
+	for i := uint16(0); i < mentionedCount; i++ {
+		serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+		if _, err := reader.Read(serialBuf); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pv.MentionedIn[i] = decodeUint40(serialBuf)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AddAuthored adds an event serial to the authored list if not already present.
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) AddAuthored(eventSerial uint64) {
+	for _, s := range pv.AuthoredEvents {
+		if s == eventSerial {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	pv.AuthoredEvents = append(pv.AuthoredEvents, eventSerial)
+}
+
+// AddMention adds an event serial to the mentioned list if not already present.
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) AddMention(eventSerial uint64) {
+	for _, s := range pv.MentionedIn {
+		if s == eventSerial {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	pv.MentionedIn = append(pv.MentionedIn, eventSerial)
+}
+
+// RemoveAuthored removes an event serial from the authored list.
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) RemoveAuthored(eventSerial uint64) {
+	for i, s := range pv.AuthoredEvents {
+		if s == eventSerial {
+			pv.AuthoredEvents = append(pv.AuthoredEvents[:i], pv.AuthoredEvents[i+1:]...)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// RemoveMention removes an event serial from the mentioned list.
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) RemoveMention(eventSerial uint64) {
+	for i, s := range pv.MentionedIn {
+		if s == eventSerial {
+			pv.MentionedIn = append(pv.MentionedIn[:i], pv.MentionedIn[i+1:]...)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// HasAuthored checks if the pubkey authored the given event.
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) HasAuthored(eventSerial uint64) bool {
+	for _, s := range pv.AuthoredEvents {
+		if s == eventSerial {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// IsMentionedIn checks if the pubkey is mentioned in the given event.
+func (pv *PubkeyVertex) IsMentionedIn(eventSerial uint64) bool {
+	for _, s := range pv.MentionedIn {
+		if s == eventSerial {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/helpers.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/helpers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+)
+
+// encodeUint40 encodes a uint64 as 5 bytes (big-endian, truncated to 40 bits)
+func encodeUint40(v uint64, buf []byte) {
+	buf[0] = byte(v >> 32)
+	buf[1] = byte(v >> 24)
+	buf[2] = byte(v >> 16)
+	buf[3] = byte(v >> 8)
+	buf[4] = byte(v)
+}
+
+// decodeUint40 decodes 5 bytes as uint64
+func decodeUint40(buf []byte) uint64 {
+	return uint64(buf[0])<<32 |
+		uint64(buf[1])<<24 |
+		uint64(buf[2])<<16 |
+		uint64(buf[3])<<8 |
+		uint64(buf[4])
+}
+
+// encodeUint64 encodes a uint64 as 8 bytes (big-endian)
+func encodeUint64(v uint64, buf []byte) {
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, v)
+}
+
+// decodeUint64 decodes 8 bytes as uint64
+func decodeUint64(buf []byte) uint64 {
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buf)
+}
+
+// encodeUint32 encodes a uint32 as 4 bytes (big-endian)
+func encodeUint32(v uint32, buf []byte) {
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf, v)
+}
+
+// decodeUint32 decodes 4 bytes as uint32
+func decodeUint32(buf []byte) uint32 {
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(buf)
+}
+
+// encodeUint16 encodes a uint16 as 2 bytes (big-endian)
+func encodeUint16(v uint16, buf []byte) {
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(buf, v)
+}
+
+// decodeUint16 decodes 2 bytes as uint16
+func decodeUint16(buf []byte) uint16 {
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf)
+}
+
+// encodeVarint encodes a uint64 as a variable-length integer
+// Returns the number of bytes written
+func encodeVarint(v uint64, buf []byte) int {
+	return binary.PutUvarint(buf, v)
+}
+
+// decodeVarint decodes a variable-length integer
+// Returns the value and the number of bytes read
+func decodeVarint(buf []byte) (uint64, int) {
+	return binary.Uvarint(buf)
+}
+
+// makeSerialKey creates a 5-byte key from a serial number
+func makeSerialKey(serial uint64) []byte {
+	key := make([]byte, 5)
+	encodeUint40(serial, key)
+	return key
+}
+
+// makePubkeyHashKey creates an 8-byte key from a pubkey hash
+func makePubkeyHashKey(hash []byte) []byte {
+	key := make([]byte, 8)
+	copy(key, hash[:8])
+	return key
+}
+
+// makeIdHashKey creates an 8-byte key from an event ID hash
+func makeIdHashKey(id []byte) []byte {
+	key := make([]byte, 8)
+	copy(key, id[:8])
+	return key
+}
+
+// hashPubkey returns the first 8 bytes of a 32-byte pubkey as a hash
+func hashPubkey(pubkey []byte) []byte {
+	if len(pubkey) < 8 {
+		return pubkey
+	}
+	return pubkey[:8]
+}
+
+// hashEventId returns the first 8 bytes of a 32-byte event ID as a hash
+func hashEventId(id []byte) []byte {
+	if len(id) < 8 {
+		return id
+	}
+	return id[:8]
+}
+
+// concatenate joins multiple byte slices into one
+func concatenate(slices ...[]byte) []byte {
+	var totalLen int
+	for _, s := range slices {
+		totalLen += len(s)
+	}
+	result := make([]byte, totalLen)
+	var offset int
+	for _, s := range slices {
+		copy(result[offset:], s)
+		offset += len(s)
+	}
+	return result
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/identity.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/identity.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+)
+
+const identityKey = "relay_identity_secret"
+
+// GetRelayIdentitySecret gets the relay's identity secret key.
+func (b *B) GetRelayIdentitySecret() (skb []byte, err error) {
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return errors.New("bbolt: meta bucket not found")
+		}
+		data := bucket.Get([]byte(identityKey))
+		if data == nil {
+			return errors.New("bbolt: relay identity not set")
+		}
+		skb = make([]byte, len(data))
+		copy(skb, data)
+		return nil
+	})
+	return
+}
+
+// SetRelayIdentitySecret sets the relay's identity secret key.
+func (b *B) SetRelayIdentitySecret(skb []byte) error {
+	if len(skb) != 32 {
+		return errors.New("bbolt: invalid secret key length (must be 32 bytes)")
+	}
+	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return errors.New("bbolt: meta bucket not found")
+		}
+		return bucket.Put([]byte(identityKey), skb)
+	})
+}
+
+// GetOrCreateRelayIdentitySecret gets or creates the relay's identity secret.
+func (b *B) GetOrCreateRelayIdentitySecret() (skb []byte, err error) {
+	// Try to get existing secret
+	skb, err = b.GetRelayIdentitySecret()
+	if err == nil && len(skb) == 32 {
+		return skb, nil
+	}
+
+	// Generate new secret
+	skb = make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err = rand.Read(skb); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Store it
+	if err = b.SetRelayIdentitySecret(skb); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return skb, nil
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/import-export.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/import-export.go
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/log"
+
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/event"
+)
+
+const maxLen = 500000000
+
+// ImportEventsFromReader imports events from an io.Reader containing JSONL data
+func (b *B) ImportEventsFromReader(ctx context.Context, rr io.Reader) error {
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	log.I.F("bbolt import: starting import operation")
+
+	// Store to disk so we can return fast
+	tmpPath := os.TempDir() + string(os.PathSeparator) + "orly"
+	os.MkdirAll(tmpPath, 0700)
+	tmp, err := os.CreateTemp(tmpPath, "")
+	if chk.E(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+	tmpName := tmp.Name()
+	defer os.Remove(tmpName) // Clean up temp file when done
+
+	log.I.F("bbolt import: buffering upload to %s", tmpName)
+	bufferStart := time.Now()
+	bytesBuffered, err := io.Copy(tmp, rr)
+	if chk.E(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+	bufferElapsed := time.Since(bufferStart)
+	log.I.F("bbolt import: buffered %.2f MB in %v (%.2f MB/sec)",
+		float64(bytesBuffered)/1024/1024, bufferElapsed.Round(time.Millisecond),
+		float64(bytesBuffered)/bufferElapsed.Seconds()/1024/1024)
+
+	if _, err = tmp.Seek(0, 0); chk.E(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	count, processErr := b.processJSONLEventsReturningCount(ctx, tmp)
+
+	// Close temp file to release resources before index building
+	tmp.Close()
+
+	if processErr != nil {
+		return processErr
+	}
+
+	// Build indexes after events are stored (minimal import mode)
+	if count > 0 {
+		// Force garbage collection to reclaim memory before index building
+		debug.FreeOSMemory()
+		log.I.F("bbolt import: building indexes for %d events...", count)
+		if err := b.BuildIndexes(ctx); err != nil {
+			log.E.F("bbolt import: failed to build indexes: %v", err)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	totalElapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+	log.I.F("bbolt import: total operation time: %v", totalElapsed.Round(time.Millisecond))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ImportEventsFromStrings imports events from a slice of JSON strings with policy filtering
+func (b *B) ImportEventsFromStrings(ctx context.Context, eventJSONs []string, policyManager interface {
+	CheckPolicy(action string, ev *event.E, pubkey []byte, remote string) (bool, error)
+}) error {
+	// Create a reader from the string slice
+	reader := strings.NewReader(strings.Join(eventJSONs, "\n"))
+	return b.processJSONLEventsWithPolicy(ctx, reader, policyManager)
+}
+
+// processJSONLEvents processes JSONL events from a reader
+func (b *B) processJSONLEvents(ctx context.Context, rr io.Reader) error {
+	_, err := b.processJSONLEventsReturningCount(ctx, rr)
+	return err
+}
+
+// processJSONLEventsReturningCount processes JSONL events and returns the count saved
+// This is used by ImportEventsFromReader for migration mode (minimal import without inline indexes)
+func (b *B) processJSONLEventsReturningCount(ctx context.Context, rr io.Reader) (int, error) {
+	// Create a scanner to read the buffer line by line
+	scan := bufio.NewScanner(rr)
+	scanBuf := make([]byte, maxLen)
+	scan.Buffer(scanBuf, maxLen)
+
+	// Performance tracking
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	lastLogTime := startTime
+	const logInterval = 5 * time.Second
+
+	var count, total, skipped, unmarshalErrors, saveErrors int
+	for scan.Scan() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			log.I.F("bbolt import: context closed after %d events", count)
+			return count, ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		line := scan.Bytes()
+		total += len(line) + 1
+		if len(line) < 1 {
+			skipped++
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ev := event.New()
+		if _, err := ev.Unmarshal(line); err != nil {
+			ev.Free()
+			unmarshalErrors++
+			log.W.F("bbolt import: failed to unmarshal event: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Minimal path for migration: store events only, indexes built later
+		if err := b.SaveEventMinimal(ev); err != nil {
+			ev.Free()
+			saveErrors++
+			log.W.F("bbolt import: failed to save event: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ev.Free()
+		line = nil
+		count++
+
+		// Progress logging every logInterval
+		if time.Since(lastLogTime) >= logInterval {
+			elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+			eventsPerSec := float64(count) / elapsed.Seconds()
+			mbPerSec := float64(total) / elapsed.Seconds() / 1024 / 1024
+			log.I.F("bbolt import: progress %d events saved, %.2f MB read, %.0f events/sec, %.2f MB/sec",
+				count, float64(total)/1024/1024, eventsPerSec, mbPerSec)
+			lastLogTime = time.Now()
+			debug.FreeOSMemory()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Flush any remaining batched events
+	if b.batcher != nil {
+		b.batcher.Flush()
+	}
+
+	// Final summary
+	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+	eventsPerSec := float64(count) / elapsed.Seconds()
+	mbPerSec := float64(total) / elapsed.Seconds() / 1024 / 1024
+	log.I.F("bbolt import: completed - %d events saved, %.2f MB in %v (%.0f events/sec, %.2f MB/sec)",
+		count, float64(total)/1024/1024, elapsed.Round(time.Millisecond), eventsPerSec, mbPerSec)
+	if unmarshalErrors > 0 || saveErrors > 0 || skipped > 0 {
+		log.I.F("bbolt import: stats - %d unmarshal errors, %d save errors, %d skipped empty lines",
+			unmarshalErrors, saveErrors, skipped)
+	}
+
+	if err := scan.Err(); err != nil {
+		return count, err
+	}
+
+	// Clear scanner buffer to help GC
+	scanBuf = nil
+
+	return count, nil
+}
+
+// processJSONLEventsWithPolicy processes JSONL events from a reader with optional policy filtering
+func (b *B) processJSONLEventsWithPolicy(ctx context.Context, rr io.Reader, policyManager interface {
+	CheckPolicy(action string, ev *event.E, pubkey []byte, remote string) (bool, error)
+}) error {
+	// Create a scanner to read the buffer line by line
+	scan := bufio.NewScanner(rr)
+	scanBuf := make([]byte, maxLen)
+	scan.Buffer(scanBuf, maxLen)
+
+	// Performance tracking
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	lastLogTime := startTime
+	const logInterval = 5 * time.Second
+
+	var count, total, skipped, policyRejected, unmarshalErrors, saveErrors int
+	for scan.Scan() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			log.I.F("bbolt import: context closed after %d events", count)
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		line := scan.Bytes()
+		total += len(line) + 1
+		if len(line) < 1 {
+			skipped++
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ev := event.New()
+		if _, err := ev.Unmarshal(line); err != nil {
+			// return the pooled buffer on error
+			ev.Free()
+			unmarshalErrors++
+			log.W.F("bbolt import: failed to unmarshal event: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Apply policy checking if policy manager is provided
+		if policyManager != nil {
+			// For sync imports, we treat events as coming from system/trusted source
+			// Use nil pubkey and empty remote to indicate system-level import
+			allowed, policyErr := policyManager.CheckPolicy("write", ev, nil, "")
+			if policyErr != nil {
+				log.W.F("bbolt import: policy check failed for event %x: %v", ev.ID, policyErr)
+				ev.Free()
+				policyRejected++
+				continue
+			}
+			if !allowed {
+				log.D.F("bbolt import: policy rejected event %x during sync import", ev.ID)
+				ev.Free()
+				policyRejected++
+				continue
+			}
+			log.D.F("bbolt import: policy allowed event %x during sync import", ev.ID)
+			// With policy checking, use regular SaveEvent path
+			if _, err := b.SaveEvent(ctx, ev); err != nil {
+				ev.Free()
+				saveErrors++
+				log.W.F("bbolt import: failed to save event: %v", err)
+				continue
+			}
+		} else {
+			// Minimal path for migration: store events only, build indexes later
+			if err := b.SaveEventMinimal(ev); err != nil {
+				ev.Free()
+				saveErrors++
+				log.W.F("bbolt import: failed to save event: %v", err)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		// return the pooled buffer after successful save
+		ev.Free()
+		line = nil
+		count++
+
+		// Progress logging every logInterval
+		if time.Since(lastLogTime) >= logInterval {
+			elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+			eventsPerSec := float64(count) / elapsed.Seconds()
+			mbPerSec := float64(total) / elapsed.Seconds() / 1024 / 1024
+			log.I.F("bbolt import: progress %d events saved, %.2f MB read, %.0f events/sec, %.2f MB/sec",
+				count, float64(total)/1024/1024, eventsPerSec, mbPerSec)
+			lastLogTime = time.Now()
+			debug.FreeOSMemory()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Flush any remaining batched events
+	if b.batcher != nil {
+		b.batcher.Flush()
+	}
+
+	// Final summary
+	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+	eventsPerSec := float64(count) / elapsed.Seconds()
+	mbPerSec := float64(total) / elapsed.Seconds() / 1024 / 1024
+	log.I.F("bbolt import: completed - %d events saved, %.2f MB in %v (%.0f events/sec, %.2f MB/sec)",
+		count, float64(total)/1024/1024, elapsed.Round(time.Millisecond), eventsPerSec, mbPerSec)
+	if unmarshalErrors > 0 || saveErrors > 0 || policyRejected > 0 || skipped > 0 {
+		log.I.F("bbolt import: stats - %d unmarshal errors, %d save errors, %d policy rejected, %d skipped empty lines",
+			unmarshalErrors, saveErrors, policyRejected, skipped)
+	}
+
+	if err := scan.Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Import imports events from a reader (legacy interface).
+func (b *B) Import(rr io.Reader) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	if err := b.ImportEventsFromReader(ctx, rr); err != nil {
+		log.E.F("bbolt import: error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Export exports events to a writer.
+func (b *B) Export(c context.Context, w io.Writer, pubkeys ...[]byte) {
+	// TODO: Implement export functionality
+	log.W.F("bbolt export: not yet implemented")
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/import-minimal.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/import-minimal.go
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/log"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/bufpool"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/event"
+)
+
+// SaveEventMinimal stores only the essential event data for fast bulk import.
+// It skips all indexes - call BuildIndexes after import completes.
+func (b *B) SaveEventMinimal(ev *event.E) error {
+	if ev == nil {
+		return errors.New("nil event")
+	}
+
+	// Reject ephemeral events
+	if ev.Kind >= 20000 && ev.Kind <= 29999 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Get the next serial number
+	serial := b.getNextEventSerial()
+
+	// Serialize event in raw binary format (not compact - preserves full pubkey)
+	// This allows index building to work without pubkey serial resolution
+	legacyBuf := bufpool.GetMedium()
+	defer bufpool.PutMedium(legacyBuf)
+	ev.MarshalBinary(legacyBuf)
+	eventData := bufpool.CopyBytes(legacyBuf)
+
+	// Create minimal batch - only event data and ID mappings
+	batch := &EventBatch{
+		Serial:    serial,
+		EventData: eventData,
+		Indexes: []BatchedWrite{
+			// Event ID -> Serial (for lookups)
+			{BucketName: bucketEid, Key: ev.ID[:], Value: makeSerialKey(serial)},
+			// Serial -> Event ID (for reverse lookups)
+			{BucketName: bucketSei, Key: makeSerialKey(serial), Value: ev.ID[:]},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return b.batcher.Add(batch)
+}
+
+// BuildIndexes builds all query indexes from stored events.
+// Call this after importing events with SaveEventMinimal.
+// Processes events in chunks to avoid OOM on large databases.
+func (b *B) BuildIndexes(ctx context.Context) error {
+	log.I.F("bbolt: starting index build...")
+	startTime := time.Now()
+
+	// Force GC before starting to reclaim batch buffer memory
+	debug.FreeOSMemory()
+
+	// Process in small chunks to avoid OOM on memory-constrained systems
+	// With ~15 indexes per event and ~50 bytes per key, 50k events = ~37.5MB per chunk
+	const chunkSize = 50000
+
+	var totalEvents int
+	var lastSerial uint64 = 0
+	var lastLogTime = time.Now()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		// Collect indexes for this chunk
+		indexesByBucket := make(map[string][][]byte)
+		var chunkEvents int
+		var chunkSerial uint64
+
+		// Read a chunk of events
+		err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+			cmpBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketCmp)
+			if cmpBucket == nil {
+				return errors.New("cmp bucket not found")
+			}
+
+			cursor := cmpBucket.Cursor()
+
+			// Seek to start position
+			var k, v []byte
+			if lastSerial == 0 {
+				k, v = cursor.First()
+			} else {
+				// Seek past the last processed serial
+				seekKey := makeSerialKey(lastSerial + 1)
+				k, v = cursor.Seek(seekKey)
+			}
+
+			for ; k != nil && chunkEvents < chunkSize; k, v = cursor.Next() {
+				serial := decodeSerialKey(k)
+				chunkSerial = serial
+
+				// Decode event from raw binary format
+				ev := event.New()
+				if err := ev.UnmarshalBinary(bytes.NewBuffer(v)); err != nil {
+					log.W.F("bbolt: failed to unmarshal event at serial %d: %v", serial, err)
+					continue
+				}
+
+				// Generate indexes for this event
+				rawIdxs, err := database.GetIndexesForEvent(ev, serial)
+				if chk.E(err) {
+					ev.Free()
+					continue
+				}
+
+				// Group by bucket (first 3 bytes)
+				for _, idx := range rawIdxs {
+					if len(idx) < 3 {
+						continue
+					}
+					bucketName := string(idx[:3])
+					key := idx[3:]
+
+					// Skip eid and sei - already stored during import
+					if bucketName == "eid" || bucketName == "sei" {
+						continue
+					}
+
+					// Make a copy of the key
+					keyCopy := make([]byte, len(key))
+					copy(keyCopy, key)
+					indexesByBucket[bucketName] = append(indexesByBucket[bucketName], keyCopy)
+				}
+
+				ev.Free()
+				chunkEvents++
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// No more events to process
+		if chunkEvents == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		totalEvents += chunkEvents
+		lastSerial = chunkSerial
+
+		// Progress logging
+		if time.Since(lastLogTime) >= 5*time.Second {
+			log.I.F("bbolt: index build progress: %d events processed", totalEvents)
+			lastLogTime = time.Now()
+		}
+
+		// Count total keys in this chunk
+		var totalKeys int
+		for _, keys := range indexesByBucket {
+			totalKeys += len(keys)
+		}
+		log.I.F("bbolt: writing %d index keys for chunk (%d events)", totalKeys, chunkEvents)
+
+		// Write this chunk's indexes
+		for bucketName, keys := range indexesByBucket {
+			if len(keys) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			bucketBytes := []byte(bucketName)
+
+			// Sort keys for this bucket before writing
+			sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
+				return bytes.Compare(keys[i], keys[j]) < 0
+			})
+
+			// Write in batches
+			const batchSize = 50000
+			for i := 0; i < len(keys); i += batchSize {
+				end := i + batchSize
+				if end > len(keys) {
+					end = len(keys)
+				}
+				batch := keys[i:end]
+
+				err := b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+					bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketBytes)
+					if bucket == nil {
+						return nil
+					}
+					for _, key := range batch {
+						if err := bucket.Put(key, nil); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+					}
+					return nil
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					log.E.F("bbolt: failed to write batch for bucket %s: %v", bucketName, err)
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Clear for next chunk and release memory
+		indexesByBucket = nil
+		debug.FreeOSMemory()
+	}
+
+	elapsed := time.Since(startTime)
+	log.I.F("bbolt: index build complete in %v (%d events)", elapsed.Round(time.Second), totalEvents)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// decodeSerialKey decodes a 5-byte serial key to uint64
+func decodeSerialKey(b []byte) uint64 {
+	if len(b) < 5 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return uint64(b[0])<<32 | uint64(b[1])<<24 | uint64(b[2])<<16 | uint64(b[3])<<8 | uint64(b[4])
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/init.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/init.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	database.RegisterBboltFactory(newBboltFromConfig)
+}
+
+// newBboltFromConfig creates a BBolt database from DatabaseConfig
+func newBboltFromConfig(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	cancel context.CancelFunc,
+	cfg *database.DatabaseConfig,
+) (database.Database, error) {
+	// Convert DatabaseConfig to BboltConfig
+	bboltCfg := &BboltConfig{
+		DataDir:  cfg.DataDir,
+		LogLevel: cfg.LogLevel,
+
+		// Use bbolt-specific settings from DatabaseConfig if present
+		// These will be added to DatabaseConfig later
+		BatchMaxEvents:    cfg.BboltBatchMaxEvents,
+		BatchMaxBytes:     cfg.BboltBatchMaxBytes,
+		BatchFlushTimeout: cfg.BboltFlushTimeout,
+		BloomSizeMB:       cfg.BboltBloomSizeMB,
+		NoSync:            cfg.BboltNoSync,
+		InitialMmapSize:   cfg.BboltMmapSize,
+	}
+
+	// Apply defaults if not set
+	if bboltCfg.BatchMaxEvents <= 0 {
+		bboltCfg.BatchMaxEvents = 5000
+	}
+	if bboltCfg.BatchMaxBytes <= 0 {
+		bboltCfg.BatchMaxBytes = 128 * 1024 * 1024 // 128MB
+	}
+	if bboltCfg.BatchFlushTimeout <= 0 {
+		bboltCfg.BatchFlushTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+	}
+	if bboltCfg.BloomSizeMB <= 0 {
+		bboltCfg.BloomSizeMB = 16
+	}
+	if bboltCfg.InitialMmapSize <= 0 {
+		bboltCfg.InitialMmapSize = 8 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 // 8GB
+	}
+
+	return NewWithConfig(ctx, cancel, bboltCfg)
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/logger.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/logger.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+
+	"go.uber.org/atomic"
+	"lol.mleku.dev"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/log"
+)
+
+// Logger wraps the lol logger for BBolt
+type Logger struct {
+	Level atomic.Int32
+	Label string
+}
+
+// NewLogger creates a new Logger instance
+func NewLogger(level int, dataDir string) *Logger {
+	l := &Logger{Label: "bbolt"}
+	l.Level.Store(int32(level))
+	return l
+}
+
+// SetLogLevel updates the log level
+func (l *Logger) SetLogLevel(level int) {
+	l.Level.Store(int32(level))
+}
+
+// Tracef logs a trace message
+func (l *Logger) Tracef(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	if l.Level.Load() >= int32(lol.Trace) {
+		s := l.Label + ": " + format
+		txt := fmt.Sprintf(s, args...)
+		_, file, line, _ := runtime.Caller(2)
+		log.T.F("%s\n%s:%d", strings.TrimSpace(txt), file, line)
+	}
+}
+
+// Debugf logs a debug message
+func (l *Logger) Debugf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	if l.Level.Load() >= int32(lol.Debug) {
+		s := l.Label + ": " + format
+		txt := fmt.Sprintf(s, args...)
+		_, file, line, _ := runtime.Caller(2)
+		log.D.F("%s\n%s:%d", strings.TrimSpace(txt), file, line)
+	}
+}
+
+// Infof logs an info message
+func (l *Logger) Infof(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	if l.Level.Load() >= int32(lol.Info) {
+		s := l.Label + ": " + format
+		txt := fmt.Sprintf(s, args...)
+		_, file, line, _ := runtime.Caller(2)
+		log.I.F("%s\n%s:%d", strings.TrimSpace(txt), file, line)
+	}
+}
+
+// Warningf logs a warning message
+func (l *Logger) Warningf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	if l.Level.Load() >= int32(lol.Warn) {
+		s := l.Label + ": " + format
+		txt := fmt.Sprintf(s, args...)
+		_, file, line, _ := runtime.Caller(2)
+		log.W.F("%s\n%s:%d", strings.TrimSpace(txt), file, line)
+	}
+}
+
+// Errorf logs an error message
+func (l *Logger) Errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	if l.Level.Load() >= int32(lol.Error) {
+		s := l.Label + ": " + format
+		txt := fmt.Sprintf(s, args...)
+		_, file, line, _ := runtime.Caller(2)
+		log.E.F("%s\n%s:%d", strings.TrimSpace(txt), file, line)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/markers.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/markers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+)
+
+const markerPrefix = "marker:"
+
+// SetMarker sets a metadata marker.
+func (b *B) SetMarker(key string, value []byte) error {
+	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return bucket.Put([]byte(markerPrefix+key), value)
+	})
+}
+
+// GetMarker gets a metadata marker.
+func (b *B) GetMarker(key string) (value []byte, err error) {
+	err = b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		data := bucket.Get([]byte(markerPrefix + key))
+		if data != nil {
+			value = make([]byte, len(data))
+			copy(value, data)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return
+}
+
+// HasMarker checks if a marker exists.
+func (b *B) HasMarker(key string) bool {
+	var exists bool
+	b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		exists = bucket.Get([]byte(markerPrefix+key)) != nil
+		return nil
+	})
+	return exists
+}
+
+// DeleteMarker deletes a marker.
+func (b *B) DeleteMarker(key string) error {
+	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return bucket.Delete([]byte(markerPrefix + key))
+	})
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/query-graph.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/query-graph.go
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/indexes/types"
+)
+
+// EdgeExists checks if an edge exists between two serials.
+// Uses bloom filter for fast negative lookups.
+func (b *B) EdgeExists(srcSerial, dstSerial uint64, edgeType byte) (bool, error) {
+	// Fast path: check bloom filter first
+	if !b.edgeBloom.MayExist(srcSerial, dstSerial, edgeType) {
+		return false, nil // Definitely doesn't exist
+	}
+
+	// Bloom says maybe - need to verify in adjacency list
+	return b.verifyEdgeInAdjacencyList(srcSerial, dstSerial, edgeType)
+}
+
+// verifyEdgeInAdjacencyList checks the adjacency list for edge existence.
+func (b *B) verifyEdgeInAdjacencyList(srcSerial, dstSerial uint64, edgeType byte) (bool, error) {
+	var exists bool
+
+	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEv)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		key := makeSerialKey(srcSerial)
+		data := bucket.Get(key)
+		if data == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		vertex := &EventVertex{}
+		if err := vertex.Decode(data); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		switch edgeType {
+		case EdgeTypeAuthor:
+			exists = vertex.AuthorSerial == dstSerial
+		case EdgeTypePTag:
+			for _, s := range vertex.PTagSerials {
+				if s == dstSerial {
+					exists = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		case EdgeTypeETag:
+			for _, s := range vertex.ETagSerials {
+				if s == dstSerial {
+					exists = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return exists, err
+}
+
+// GetEventVertex retrieves the adjacency list for an event.
+func (b *B) GetEventVertex(eventSerial uint64) (*EventVertex, error) {
+	var vertex *EventVertex
+
+	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEv)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		key := makeSerialKey(eventSerial)
+		data := bucket.Get(key)
+		if data == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		vertex = &EventVertex{}
+		return vertex.Decode(data)
+	})
+
+	return vertex, err
+}
+
+// GetPubkeyVertex retrieves the adjacency list for a pubkey.
+func (b *B) GetPubkeyVertex(pubkeySerial uint64) (*PubkeyVertex, error) {
+	var vertex *PubkeyVertex
+
+	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketPv)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		key := makeSerialKey(pubkeySerial)
+		data := bucket.Get(key)
+		if data == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		vertex = &PubkeyVertex{}
+		return vertex.Decode(data)
+	})
+
+	return vertex, err
+}
+
+// GetEventsAuthoredBy returns event serials authored by a pubkey.
+func (b *B) GetEventsAuthoredBy(pubkeySerial uint64) ([]uint64, error) {
+	vertex, err := b.GetPubkeyVertex(pubkeySerial)
+	if err != nil || vertex == nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return vertex.AuthoredEvents, nil
+}
+
+// GetEventsMentioning returns event serials that mention a pubkey.
+func (b *B) GetEventsMentioning(pubkeySerial uint64) ([]uint64, error) {
+	vertex, err := b.GetPubkeyVertex(pubkeySerial)
+	if err != nil || vertex == nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return vertex.MentionedIn, nil
+}
+
+// GetPTagsFromEvent returns pubkey serials tagged in an event.
+func (b *B) GetPTagsFromEvent(eventSerial uint64) ([]uint64, error) {
+	vertex, err := b.GetEventVertex(eventSerial)
+	if err != nil || vertex == nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return vertex.PTagSerials, nil
+}
+
+// GetETagsFromEvent returns event serials referenced by an event.
+func (b *B) GetETagsFromEvent(eventSerial uint64) ([]uint64, error) {
+	vertex, err := b.GetEventVertex(eventSerial)
+	if err != nil || vertex == nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return vertex.ETagSerials, nil
+}
+
+// GetFollowsFromPubkeySerial returns the pubkey serials that a user follows.
+// This extracts p-tags from the user's kind-3 contact list event.
+func (b *B) GetFollowsFromPubkeySerial(pubkeySerial *types.Uint40) ([]*types.Uint40, error) {
+	if pubkeySerial == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Find the kind-3 event for this pubkey
+	contactEventSerial, err := b.FindEventByAuthorAndKind(pubkeySerial.Get(), 3)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil // No kind-3 event found is not an error
+	}
+	if contactEventSerial == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Get the p-tags from the event vertex
+	pTagSerials, err := b.GetPTagsFromEvent(contactEventSerial)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Convert to types.Uint40
+	result := make([]*types.Uint40, 0, len(pTagSerials))
+	for _, s := range pTagSerials {
+		ser := new(types.Uint40)
+		ser.Set(s)
+		result = append(result, ser)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// FindEventByAuthorAndKind finds an event serial by author and kind.
+// For replaceable events like kind-3, returns the most recent one.
+func (b *B) FindEventByAuthorAndKind(authorSerial uint64, kindNum uint16) (uint64, error) {
+	var resultSerial uint64
+
+	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		// First, get events authored by this pubkey
+		pvBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketPv)
+		if pvBucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		pvKey := makeSerialKey(authorSerial)
+		pvData := pvBucket.Get(pvKey)
+		if pvData == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		vertex := &PubkeyVertex{}
+		if err := vertex.Decode(pvData); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Search through authored events for matching kind
+		evBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEv)
+		if evBucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		var latestTs int64
+		for _, eventSerial := range vertex.AuthoredEvents {
+			evKey := makeSerialKey(eventSerial)
+			evData := evBucket.Get(evKey)
+			if evData == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			evVertex := &EventVertex{}
+			if err := evVertex.Decode(evData); err != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if evVertex.Kind == kindNum {
+				// For replaceable events, we need to check timestamp
+				// Get event to compare timestamps
+				fpcBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketFpc)
+				if fpcBucket != nil {
+					// Scan for matching serial prefix in fpc bucket
+					c := fpcBucket.Cursor()
+					prefix := makeSerialKey(eventSerial)
+					for k, _ := c.Seek(prefix); k != nil && bytes.HasPrefix(k, prefix); k, _ = c.Next() {
+						// Key format: serial(5) | id(32) | pubkey_hash(8) | created_at(8)
+						if len(k) >= 53 {
+							ts := int64(decodeUint64(k[45:53]))
+							if ts > latestTs {
+								latestTs = ts
+								resultSerial = eventSerial
+							}
+						}
+						break
+					}
+				} else {
+					// If no fpc bucket, just take the first match
+					resultSerial = eventSerial
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return resultSerial, err
+}
+
+// GetReferencingEvents returns event serials that reference a target event via e-tag.
+func (b *B) GetReferencingEvents(targetSerial uint64) ([]uint64, error) {
+	var result []uint64
+
+	err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketEv)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Scan all event vertices looking for e-tag references
+		// Note: This is O(n) - for production, consider a reverse index
+		c := bucket.Cursor()
+		for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
+			vertex := &EventVertex{}
+			if err := vertex.Decode(v); err != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			for _, eTagSerial := range vertex.ETagSerials {
+				if eTagSerial == targetSerial {
+					eventSerial := decodeUint40(k)
+					result = append(result, eventSerial)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return result, err
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/save-event-bulk.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/save-event-bulk.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/bufpool"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/event"
+)
+
+// SaveEventForImport saves an event optimized for bulk import.
+// It skips duplicate checking, deletion checking, and graph vertex creation
+// to maximize import throughput. Use only for trusted data migration.
+func (b *B) SaveEventForImport(ev *event.E) error {
+	if ev == nil {
+		return errors.New("nil event")
+	}
+
+	// Reject ephemeral events (kinds 20000-29999)
+	if ev.Kind >= 20000 && ev.Kind <= 29999 {
+		return nil // silently skip
+	}
+
+	// Get the next serial number
+	serial := b.getNextEventSerial()
+
+	// Generate all indexes using the shared function
+	rawIdxs, err := database.GetIndexesForEvent(ev, serial)
+	if chk.E(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Convert raw indexes to BatchedWrites, stripping the 3-byte prefix
+	batch := &EventBatch{
+		Serial:  serial,
+		Indexes: make([]BatchedWrite, 0, len(rawIdxs)+1),
+	}
+
+	for _, idx := range rawIdxs {
+		if len(idx) < 3 {
+			continue
+		}
+		bucketName := idx[:3]
+		key := idx[3:]
+		batch.Indexes = append(batch.Indexes, BatchedWrite{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Key:        key,
+			Value:      nil,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Serialize event in compact format (without graph references for import)
+	resolver := &nullSerialResolver{}
+	compactData, compactErr := database.MarshalCompactEvent(ev, resolver)
+	if compactErr != nil {
+		// Fall back to legacy format
+		legacyBuf := bufpool.GetMedium()
+		defer bufpool.PutMedium(legacyBuf)
+		ev.MarshalBinary(legacyBuf)
+		compactData = bufpool.CopyBytes(legacyBuf)
+	}
+	batch.EventData = compactData
+
+	// Store serial -> event ID mapping
+	batch.Indexes = append(batch.Indexes, BatchedWrite{
+		BucketName: bucketSei,
+		Key:        makeSerialKey(serial),
+		Value:      ev.ID[:],
+	})
+
+	// Add to batcher (no graph vertex, no pubkey lookups)
+	return b.batcher.Add(batch)
+}
+
+// nullSerialResolver returns 0 for all lookups, used for fast import
+// where we don't need pubkey/event serial references in compact format
+type nullSerialResolver struct{}
+
+func (r *nullSerialResolver) GetOrCreatePubkeySerial(pubkey []byte) (uint64, error) {
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nullSerialResolver) GetPubkeyBySerial(serial uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nullSerialResolver) GetEventSerialById(eventID []byte) (uint64, bool, error) {
+	return 0, false, nil
+}
+
+func (r *nullSerialResolver) GetEventIdBySerial(serial uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/save-event.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/save-event.go
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/bufpool"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/indexes/types"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/mode"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/event"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/filter"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/hex"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/kind"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/tag"
+)
+
+// SaveEvent saves an event to the database using the write batcher.
+func (b *B) SaveEvent(c context.Context, ev *event.E) (replaced bool, err error) {
+	if ev == nil {
+		err = errors.New("nil event")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Reject ephemeral events (kinds 20000-29999)
+	if ev.Kind >= 20000 && ev.Kind <= 29999 {
+		err = errors.New("blocked: ephemeral events should not be stored")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Validate kind 3 (follow list) events have at least one p tag
+	if ev.Kind == 3 {
+		hasPTag := false
+		if ev.Tags != nil {
+			for _, tag := range *ev.Tags {
+				if tag != nil && tag.Len() >= 2 {
+					key := tag.Key()
+					if len(key) == 1 && key[0] == 'p' {
+						hasPTag = true
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if !hasPTag {
+			err = errors.New("blocked: kind 3 follow list events must have at least one p tag")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check if the event already exists
+	var ser *types.Uint40
+	if ser, err = b.GetSerialById(ev.ID); err == nil && ser != nil {
+		err = errors.New("blocked: event already exists: " + hex.Enc(ev.ID[:]))
+		return
+	}
+
+	// If the error is "id not found", we can proceed
+	if err != nil && strings.Contains(err.Error(), "id not found") {
+		err = nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Check if the event has been deleted
+	if !mode.IsOpen() {
+		if err = b.CheckForDeleted(ev, nil); err != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("blocked: %s", err.Error())
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check for replacement
+	if kind.IsReplaceable(ev.Kind) || kind.IsParameterizedReplaceable(ev.Kind) {
+		var werr error
+		if replaced, _, werr = b.WouldReplaceEvent(ev); werr != nil {
+			if errors.Is(werr, database.ErrOlderThanExisting) {
+				if kind.IsReplaceable(ev.Kind) {
+					err = errors.New("blocked: event is older than existing replaceable event")
+				} else {
+					err = errors.New("blocked: event is older than existing addressable event")
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if errors.Is(werr, database.ErrMissingDTag) {
+				err = database.ErrMissingDTag
+				return
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Get the next serial number
+	serial := b.getNextEventSerial()
+
+	// Generate all indexes using the shared function
+	var rawIdxs [][]byte
+	if rawIdxs, err = database.GetIndexesForEvent(ev, serial); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Convert raw indexes to BatchedWrites, stripping the 3-byte prefix
+	// since we use separate buckets
+	batch := &EventBatch{
+		Serial:  serial,
+		Indexes: make([]BatchedWrite, 0, len(rawIdxs)),
+	}
+
+	for _, idx := range rawIdxs {
+		if len(idx) < 3 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Get bucket name from prefix
+		bucketName := idx[:3]
+		key := idx[3:] // Key without prefix
+
+		batch.Indexes = append(batch.Indexes, BatchedWrite{
+			BucketName: bucketName,
+			Key:        key,
+			Value:      nil, // Index entries have empty values
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Serialize event in compact format
+	resolver := &bboltSerialResolver{b: b}
+	compactData, compactErr := database.MarshalCompactEvent(ev, resolver)
+	if compactErr != nil {
+		// Fall back to legacy format
+		legacyBuf := bufpool.GetMedium()
+		defer bufpool.PutMedium(legacyBuf)
+		ev.MarshalBinary(legacyBuf)
+		compactData = bufpool.CopyBytes(legacyBuf)
+	}
+	batch.EventData = compactData
+
+	// Build event vertex for adjacency list
+	var authorSerial uint64
+	err = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		var e error
+		authorSerial, e = b.getOrCreatePubkeySerial(tx, ev.Pubkey)
+		return e
+	})
+	if chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	eventVertex := &EventVertex{
+		AuthorSerial: authorSerial,
+		Kind:         uint16(ev.Kind),
+		PTagSerials:  make([]uint64, 0),
+		ETagSerials:  make([]uint64, 0),
+	}
+
+	// Collect edge keys for bloom filter
+	edgeKeys := make([]EdgeKey, 0)
+
+	// Add author edge to bloom filter
+	edgeKeys = append(edgeKeys, EdgeKey{
+		SrcSerial: serial,
+		DstSerial: authorSerial,
+		EdgeType:  EdgeTypeAuthor,
+	})
+
+	// Set up pubkey vertex update for author
+	batch.PubkeyUpdate = &PubkeyVertexUpdate{
+		PubkeySerial: authorSerial,
+		AddAuthored:  serial,
+	}
+
+	// Process p-tags
+	batch.MentionUpdates = make([]*PubkeyVertexUpdate, 0)
+	pTags := ev.Tags.GetAll([]byte("p"))
+	for _, pTag := range pTags {
+		if pTag.Len() >= 2 {
+			var ptagPubkey []byte
+			if ptagPubkey, err = hex.Dec(string(pTag.ValueHex())); err == nil && len(ptagPubkey) == 32 {
+				var ptagSerial uint64
+				err = b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+					var e error
+					ptagSerial, e = b.getOrCreatePubkeySerial(tx, ptagPubkey)
+					return e
+				})
+				if chk.E(err) {
+					continue
+				}
+
+				eventVertex.PTagSerials = append(eventVertex.PTagSerials, ptagSerial)
+
+				// Add p-tag edge to bloom filter
+				edgeKeys = append(edgeKeys, EdgeKey{
+					SrcSerial: serial,
+					DstSerial: ptagSerial,
+					EdgeType:  EdgeTypePTag,
+				})
+
+				// Add mention update for this pubkey
+				batch.MentionUpdates = append(batch.MentionUpdates, &PubkeyVertexUpdate{
+					PubkeySerial: ptagSerial,
+					AddMention:   serial,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Process e-tags
+	eTags := ev.Tags.GetAll([]byte("e"))
+	for _, eTag := range eTags {
+		if eTag.Len() >= 2 {
+			var targetEventID []byte
+			if targetEventID, err = hex.Dec(string(eTag.ValueHex())); err != nil || len(targetEventID) != 32 {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Look up the target event's serial
+			var targetSerial *types.Uint40
+			if targetSerial, err = b.GetSerialById(targetEventID); err != nil {
+				err = nil
+				continue
+			}
+
+			targetSer := targetSerial.Get()
+			eventVertex.ETagSerials = append(eventVertex.ETagSerials, targetSer)
+
+			// Add e-tag edge to bloom filter
+			edgeKeys = append(edgeKeys, EdgeKey{
+				SrcSerial: serial,
+				DstSerial: targetSer,
+				EdgeType:  EdgeTypeETag,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	batch.EventVertex = eventVertex
+	batch.EdgeKeys = edgeKeys
+
+	// Store serial -> event ID mapping
+	batch.Indexes = append(batch.Indexes, BatchedWrite{
+		BucketName: bucketSei,
+		Key:        makeSerialKey(serial),
+		Value:      ev.ID[:],
+	})
+
+	// Add to batcher
+	if err = b.batcher.Add(batch); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Process deletion events
+	if ev.Kind == kind.Deletion.K {
+		if err = b.ProcessDelete(ev, nil); chk.E(err) {
+			b.Logger.Warningf("failed to process deletion for event %x: %v", ev.ID, err)
+			err = nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// GetSerialsFromFilter returns serials matching a filter.
+func (b *B) GetSerialsFromFilter(f *filter.F) (sers types.Uint40s, err error) {
+	var idxs []database.Range
+	if idxs, err = database.GetIndexesFromFilter(f); chk.E(err) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	sers = make(types.Uint40s, 0, len(idxs)*100)
+	for _, idx := range idxs {
+		var s types.Uint40s
+		if s, err = b.GetSerialsByRange(idx); chk.E(err) {
+			continue
+		}
+		sers = append(sers, s...)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// WouldReplaceEvent checks if the event would replace existing events.
+func (b *B) WouldReplaceEvent(ev *event.E) (bool, types.Uint40s, error) {
+	if !(kind.IsReplaceable(ev.Kind) || kind.IsParameterizedReplaceable(ev.Kind)) {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	var f *filter.F
+	if kind.IsReplaceable(ev.Kind) {
+		f = &filter.F{
+			Authors: tag.NewFromBytesSlice(ev.Pubkey),
+			Kinds:   kind.NewS(kind.New(ev.Kind)),
+		}
+	} else {
+		dTag := ev.Tags.GetFirst([]byte("d"))
+		if dTag == nil {
+			return false, nil, database.ErrMissingDTag
+		}
+		f = &filter.F{
+			Authors: tag.NewFromBytesSlice(ev.Pubkey),
+			Kinds:   kind.NewS(kind.New(ev.Kind)),
+			Tags: tag.NewS(
+				tag.NewFromAny("d", dTag.Value()),
+			),
+		}
+	}
+
+	sers, err := b.GetSerialsFromFilter(f)
+	if chk.E(err) {
+		return false, nil, err
+	}
+	if len(sers) == 0 {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	shouldReplace := true
+	for _, s := range sers {
+		oldEv, ferr := b.FetchEventBySerial(s)
+		if chk.E(ferr) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if ev.CreatedAt < oldEv.CreatedAt {
+			shouldReplace = false
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if shouldReplace {
+		return true, nil, nil
+	}
+	return false, nil, database.ErrOlderThanExisting
+}
+
+// bboltSerialResolver implements database.SerialResolver for compact event encoding
+type bboltSerialResolver struct {
+	b *B
+}
+
+func (r *bboltSerialResolver) GetOrCreatePubkeySerial(pubkey []byte) (serial uint64, err error) {
+	err = r.b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		var e error
+		serial, e = r.b.getOrCreatePubkeySerial(tx, pubkey)
+		return e
+	})
+	return
+}
+
+func (r *bboltSerialResolver) GetPubkeyBySerial(serial uint64) (pubkey []byte, err error) {
+	r.b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketSpk)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		val := bucket.Get(makeSerialKey(serial))
+		if val != nil {
+			pubkey = make([]byte, 32)
+			copy(pubkey, val)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return
+}
+
+func (r *bboltSerialResolver) GetEventSerialById(eventID []byte) (serial uint64, found bool, err error) {
+	ser, e := r.b.GetSerialById(eventID)
+	if e != nil || ser == nil {
+		return 0, false, nil
+	}
+	return ser.Get(), true, nil
+}
+
+func (r *bboltSerialResolver) GetEventIdBySerial(serial uint64) (eventID []byte, err error) {
+	r.b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketSei)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		val := bucket.Get(makeSerialKey(serial))
+		if val != nil {
+			eventID = make([]byte, 32)
+			copy(eventID, val)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/serial.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/serial.go
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+
+	bolt "go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+	"lol.mleku.dev/chk"
+)
+
+const (
+	serialCounterKey       = "serial_counter"
+	pubkeySerialCounterKey = "pubkey_serial_counter"
+)
+
+// initSerialCounters initializes or loads the serial counters from _meta bucket
+func (b *B) initSerialCounters() error {
+	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Load event serial counter
+		val := bucket.Get([]byte(serialCounterKey))
+		if val == nil {
+			b.nextSerial = 1
+			buf := make([]byte, 8)
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, 1)
+			if err := bucket.Put([]byte(serialCounterKey), buf); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		} else {
+			b.nextSerial = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(val)
+		}
+
+		// Load pubkey serial counter
+		val = bucket.Get([]byte(pubkeySerialCounterKey))
+		if val == nil {
+			b.nextPubkeySeq = 1
+			buf := make([]byte, 8)
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, 1)
+			if err := bucket.Put([]byte(pubkeySerialCounterKey), buf); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		} else {
+			b.nextPubkeySeq = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(val)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// persistSerialCounters saves the current serial counters to disk
+func (b *B) persistSerialCounters() error {
+	b.serialMu.Lock()
+	eventSerial := b.nextSerial
+	pubkeySerial := b.nextPubkeySeq
+	b.serialMu.Unlock()
+
+	return b.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
+		bucket := tx.Bucket(bucketMeta)
+		if bucket == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		buf := make([]byte, 8)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, eventSerial)
+		if err := bucket.Put([]byte(serialCounterKey), buf); chk.E(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, pubkeySerial)
+		if err := bucket.Put([]byte(pubkeySerialCounterKey), buf); chk.E(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// getNextEventSerial returns the next event serial number (thread-safe)
+func (b *B) getNextEventSerial() uint64 {
+	b.serialMu.Lock()
+	defer b.serialMu.Unlock()
+
+	serial := b.nextSerial
+	b.nextSerial++
+
+	// Persist every 1000 to reduce disk writes
+	if b.nextSerial%1000 == 0 {
+		go func() {
+			if err := b.persistSerialCounters(); chk.E(err) {
+				b.Logger.Warningf("bbolt: failed to persist serial counters: %v", err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	return serial
+}
+
+// getNextPubkeySerial returns the next pubkey serial number (thread-safe)
+func (b *B) getNextPubkeySerial() uint64 {
+	b.serialMu.Lock()
+	defer b.serialMu.Unlock()
+
+	serial := b.nextPubkeySeq
+	b.nextPubkeySeq++
+
+	// Persist every 1000 to reduce disk writes
+	if b.nextPubkeySeq%1000 == 0 {
+		go func() {
+			if err := b.persistSerialCounters(); chk.E(err) {
+				b.Logger.Warningf("bbolt: failed to persist serial counters: %v", err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	return serial
+}
+
+// getOrCreatePubkeySerial gets or creates a serial for a pubkey
+func (b *B) getOrCreatePubkeySerial(tx *bolt.Tx, pubkey []byte) (uint64, error) {
+	pksBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketPks)
+	spkBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketSpk)
+
+	if pksBucket == nil || spkBucket == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if pubkey already has a serial
+	pubkeyHash := hashPubkey(pubkey)
+	val := pksBucket.Get(pubkeyHash)
+	if val != nil {
+		return decodeUint40(val), nil
+	}
+
+	// Create new serial
+	serial := b.getNextPubkeySerial()
+	serialKey := makeSerialKey(serial)
+
+	// Store pubkey_hash -> serial
+	serialBuf := make([]byte, 5)
+	encodeUint40(serial, serialBuf)
+	if err := pksBucket.Put(pubkeyHash, serialBuf); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Store serial -> full pubkey
+	fullPubkey := make([]byte, 32)
+	copy(fullPubkey, pubkey)
+	if err := spkBucket.Put(serialKey, fullPubkey); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	return serial, nil
+}
+
+// getPubkeyBySerial retrieves the full 32-byte pubkey from a serial
+func (b *B) getPubkeyBySerial(tx *bolt.Tx, serial uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	spkBucket := tx.Bucket(bucketSpk)
+	if spkBucket == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	serialKey := makeSerialKey(serial)
+	return spkBucket.Get(serialKey), nil
+}
--- a/pkg/bbolt/stubs.go
+++ b/pkg/bbolt/stubs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+//go:build !(js && wasm)
+
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/database/indexes/types"
+	"next.orly.dev/pkg/interfaces/store"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/event"
+	"git.mleku.dev/mleku/nostr/encoders/filter"
+)
+
+// This file contains stub implementations for interface methods that will be
+// implemented fully in later phases. It allows the code to compile while
+// we implement the core functionality.
+
+var errNotImplemented = errors.New("bbolt: not implemented yet")
+
+// QueryEvents queries events matching a filter.
+func (b *B) QueryEvents(c context.Context, f *filter.F) (evs event.S, err error) {
+	// Get serials matching filter
+	var serials types.Uint40s
+	if serials, err = b.GetSerialsFromFilter(f); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Fetch events by serials
+	evs = make(event.S, 0, len(serials))
+	for _, ser := range serials {
+		ev, e := b.FetchEventBySerial(ser)
+		if e == nil && ev != nil {
+			evs = append(evs, ev)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// QueryAllVersions queries all versions of events matching a filter.
+func (b *B) QueryAllVersions(c context.Context, f *filter.F) (evs event.S, err error) {
+	return b.QueryEvents(c, f)
+}
+
+// QueryEventsWithOptions queries events with additional options.
+func (b *B) QueryEventsWithOptions(c context.Context, f *filter.F, includeDeleteEvents bool, showAllVersions bool) (evs event.S, err error) {
+	return b.QueryEvents(c, f)
+}
+
+// QueryDeleteEventsByTargetId queries delete events targeting a specific event.
+func (b *B) QueryDeleteEventsByTargetId(c context.Context, targetEventId []byte) (evs event.S, err error) {
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// QueryForSerials queries and returns only the serials.
+func (b *B) QueryForSerials(c context.Context, f *filter.F) (serials types.Uint40s, err error) {
+	return b.GetSerialsFromFilter(f)
+}
+
+// QueryForIds queries and returns event ID/pubkey/timestamp tuples.
+func (b *B) QueryForIds(c context.Context, f *filter.F) (idPkTs []*store.IdPkTs, err error) {
+	var serials types.Uint40s
+	if serials, err = b.GetSerialsFromFilter(f); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	return b.GetFullIdPubkeyBySerials(serials)
+}
+
+// DeleteEvent deletes an event by ID.
+func (b *B) DeleteEvent(c context.Context, eid []byte) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// DeleteEventBySerial deletes an event by serial.
+func (b *B) DeleteEventBySerial(c context.Context, ser *types.Uint40, ev *event.E) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// DeleteExpired deletes expired events.
+func (b *B) DeleteExpired() {
+	// TODO: Implement
+}
+
+// ProcessDelete processes a deletion event.
+// For migration from other backends, deletions have already been processed,
+// so this is a no-op. Full implementation needed for production use.
+func (b *B) ProcessDelete(ev *event.E, admins [][]byte) error {
+	// TODO: Implement full deletion processing for production use
+	// For now, just return nil to allow migrations to proceed
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CheckForDeleted checks if an event has been deleted.
+func (b *B) CheckForDeleted(ev *event.E, admins [][]byte) error {
+	return nil // Not deleted by default
+}
+
+// GetSubscription gets a user's subscription.
+func (b *B) GetSubscription(pubkey []byte) (*database.Subscription, error) {
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// IsSubscriptionActive checks if a subscription is active.
+func (b *B) IsSubscriptionActive(pubkey []byte) (bool, error) {
+	return false, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// ExtendSubscription extends a subscription.
+func (b *B) ExtendSubscription(pubkey []byte, days int) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// RecordPayment records a payment.
+func (b *B) RecordPayment(pubkey []byte, amount int64, invoice, preimage string) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// GetPaymentHistory gets payment history.
+func (b *B) GetPaymentHistory(pubkey []byte) ([]database.Payment, error) {
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// ExtendBlossomSubscription extends a Blossom subscription.
+func (b *B) ExtendBlossomSubscription(pubkey []byte, tier string, storageMB int64, daysExtended int) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// GetBlossomStorageQuota gets Blossom storage quota.
+func (b *B) GetBlossomStorageQuota(pubkey []byte) (quotaMB int64, err error) {
+	return 0, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// IsFirstTimeUser checks if this is a first-time user.
+func (b *B) IsFirstTimeUser(pubkey []byte) (bool, error) {
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// AddNIP43Member adds a NIP-43 member.
+func (b *B) AddNIP43Member(pubkey []byte, inviteCode string) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// RemoveNIP43Member removes a NIP-43 member.
+func (b *B) RemoveNIP43Member(pubkey []byte) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// IsNIP43Member checks if pubkey is a NIP-43 member.
+func (b *B) IsNIP43Member(pubkey []byte) (isMember bool, err error) {
+	return false, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// GetNIP43Membership gets NIP-43 membership details.
+func (b *B) GetNIP43Membership(pubkey []byte) (*database.NIP43Membership, error) {
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// GetAllNIP43Members gets all NIP-43 members.
+func (b *B) GetAllNIP43Members() ([][]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// StoreInviteCode stores an invite code.
+func (b *B) StoreInviteCode(code string, expiresAt time.Time) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// ValidateInviteCode validates an invite code.
+func (b *B) ValidateInviteCode(code string) (valid bool, err error) {
+	return false, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// DeleteInviteCode deletes an invite code.
+func (b *B) DeleteInviteCode(code string) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// PublishNIP43MembershipEvent publishes a NIP-43 membership event.
+func (b *B) PublishNIP43MembershipEvent(kind int, pubkey []byte) error {
+	return errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// RunMigrations runs database migrations.
+func (b *B) RunMigrations() {
+	// TODO: Implement if needed
+}
+
+// GetCachedJSON gets cached JSON for a filter (stub - no caching in bbolt).
+func (b *B) GetCachedJSON(f *filter.F) ([][]byte, bool) {
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+// CacheMarshaledJSON caches JSON for a filter (stub - no caching in bbolt).
+func (b *B) CacheMarshaledJSON(f *filter.F, marshaledJSON [][]byte) {
+	// No-op: BBolt doesn't use query cache to save RAM
+}
+
+// GetCachedEvents gets cached events for a filter (stub - no caching in bbolt).
+func (b *B) GetCachedEvents(f *filter.F) (event.S, bool) {
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+// CacheEvents caches events for a filter (stub - no caching in bbolt).
+func (b *B) CacheEvents(f *filter.F, events event.S) {
+	// No-op: BBolt doesn't use query cache to save RAM
+}
+
+// InvalidateQueryCache invalidates the query cache (stub - no caching in bbolt).
+func (b *B) InvalidateQueryCache() {
+	// No-op
+}
+
+// RecordEventAccess records an event access.
+func (b *B) RecordEventAccess(serial uint64, connectionID string) error {
+	return nil // TODO: Implement if needed
+}
+
+// GetEventAccessInfo gets event access information.
+func (b *B) GetEventAccessInfo(serial uint64) (lastAccess int64, accessCount uint32, err error) {
+	return 0, 0, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// GetLeastAccessedEvents gets least accessed events.
+func (b *B) GetLeastAccessedEvents(limit int, minAgeSec int64) (serials []uint64, err error) {
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
+}
+
+// EventIdsBySerial gets event IDs by serial range.
+func (b *B) EventIdsBySerial(start uint64, count int) (evs []uint64, err error) {
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
+}
--- a/pkg/database/compact_event.go
+++ b/pkg/database/compact_event.go
@@ -240,6 +240,11 @@ func readUint40(r io.Reader) (value uint64, err error) {
 // The resolver is used to look up pubkeys and event IDs from serials.
 // The eventId parameter is the full 32-byte event ID (from SerialEventId table).
 func UnmarshalCompactEvent(data []byte, eventId []byte, resolver SerialResolver) (ev *event.E, err error) {
+	// Validate eventId upfront to prevent returning events with zero IDs
+	if len(eventId) != 32 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid eventId: must be exactly 32 bytes")
+	}
+
 	r := bytes.NewReader(data)
 	ev = new(event.E)

--- a/pkg/database/factory.go
+++ b/pkg/database/factory.go
@@ -41,6 +41,14 @@ type DatabaseConfig struct {
 	Neo4jFetchSize         int // ORLY_NEO4J_FETCH_SIZE - max records per fetch batch (default: 1000)
 	Neo4jMaxTxRetrySeconds int // ORLY_NEO4J_MAX_TX_RETRY_SEC - max transaction retry time (default: 30)
 	Neo4jQueryResultLimit  int // ORLY_NEO4J_QUERY_RESULT_LIMIT - max results per query (default: 10000, 0=unlimited)
+
+	// BBolt-specific settings (optimized for HDD)
+	BboltBatchMaxEvents int           // ORLY_BBOLT_BATCH_MAX_EVENTS - max events per batch (default: 5000)
+	BboltBatchMaxBytes  int64         // ORLY_BBOLT_BATCH_MAX_MB * 1024 * 1024 (default: 128MB)
+	BboltFlushTimeout   time.Duration // ORLY_BBOLT_BATCH_FLUSH_SEC * time.Second (default: 30s)
+	BboltBloomSizeMB    int           // ORLY_BBOLT_BLOOM_SIZE_MB - bloom filter size (default: 16MB)
+	BboltNoSync         bool          // ORLY_BBOLT_NO_SYNC - disable fsync (DANGEROUS)
+	BboltMmapSize       int           // ORLY_BBOLT_MMAP_SIZE_GB * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 (default: 8GB)
 }

 // NewDatabase creates a database instance based on the specified type.
@@ -84,8 +92,14 @@ func NewDatabaseWithConfig(
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("wasmdb database backend not available (import _ \"next.orly.dev/pkg/wasmdb\")")
 		}
 		return newWasmDBDatabase(ctx, cancel, cfg)
+	case "bbolt", "bolt":
+		// Use the bbolt implementation (B+tree, optimized for HDD)
+		if newBboltDatabase == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("bbolt database backend not available (import _ \"next.orly.dev/pkg/bbolt\")")
+		}
+		return newBboltDatabase(ctx, cancel, cfg)
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database type: %s (supported: badger, neo4j, wasmdb)", dbType)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported database type: %s (supported: badger, neo4j, wasmdb, bbolt)", dbType)
 	}
 }

@@ -108,3 +122,13 @@ var newWasmDBDatabase func(context.Context, context.CancelFunc, *DatabaseConfig)
 func RegisterWasmDBFactory(factory func(context.Context, context.CancelFunc, *DatabaseConfig) (Database, error)) {
 	newWasmDBDatabase = factory
 }
+
+// newBboltDatabase creates a bbolt database instance
+// This is defined here to avoid import cycles
+var newBboltDatabase func(context.Context, context.CancelFunc, *DatabaseConfig) (Database, error)
+
+// RegisterBboltFactory registers the bbolt database factory
+// This is called from the bbolt package's init() function
+func RegisterBboltFactory(factory func(context.Context, context.CancelFunc, *DatabaseConfig) (Database, error)) {
+	newBboltDatabase = factory
+}
--- a/pkg/database/fetch-event-by-serial.go
+++ b/pkg/database/fetch-event-by-serial.go
@@ -44,9 +44,12 @@ func (d *D) FetchEventBySerial(ser *types.Uint40) (ev *event.E, err error) {
 						// Check if this is compact format
 						if len(eventData) > 0 && eventData[0] == CompactFormatVersion {
 							eventId, idErr := d.GetEventIdBySerial(ser)
-							if idErr == nil {
-								return UnmarshalCompactEvent(eventData, eventId, resolver)
+							if idErr != nil {
+								// Cannot decode compact format without event ID - return error
+								// DO NOT fall back to legacy unmarshal as compact format is not valid legacy format
+								return nil, fmt.Errorf("compact format inline but no event ID mapping for serial %d: %w", ser.Get(), idErr)
 							}
+							return UnmarshalCompactEvent(eventData, eventId, resolver)
 						}

 						// Legacy binary format
@@ -106,10 +109,14 @@ func (d *D) FetchEventBySerial(ser *types.Uint40) (ev *event.E, err error) {
 			// Check if this is compact format
 			if len(v) > 0 && v[0] == CompactFormatVersion {
 				eventId, idErr := d.GetEventIdBySerial(ser)
-				if idErr == nil {
-					ev, err = UnmarshalCompactEvent(v, eventId, resolver)
+				if idErr != nil {
+					// Cannot decode compact format without event ID - return error
+					// DO NOT fall back to legacy unmarshal as compact format is not valid legacy format
+					err = fmt.Errorf("compact format evt but no event ID mapping for serial %d: %w", ser.Get(), idErr)
 					return
 				}
+				ev, err = UnmarshalCompactEvent(v, eventId, resolver)
+				return
 			}

 			// Check if we have valid data before attempting to unmarshal
--- a/pkg/database/fetch-events-by-serials.go
+++ b/pkg/database/fetch-events-by-serials.go
@@ -149,12 +149,10 @@ func (d *D) fetchSmallEvent(txn *badger.Txn, ser *types.Uint40) (ev *event.E, er
 		resolver := NewDatabaseSerialResolver(d, d.serialCache)
 		eventId, idErr := d.GetEventIdBySerial(ser)
 		if idErr != nil {
-			// Fall back to legacy unmarshal
-			ev = new(event.E)
-			if err = ev.UnmarshalBinary(bytes.NewBuffer(eventData)); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			return ev, nil
+			// Cannot decode compact format without event ID - return error
+			// DO NOT fall back to legacy unmarshal as compact format is not valid legacy format
+			log.W.F("fetchSmallEvent: compact format but no event ID mapping for serial %d: %v", ser.Get(), idErr)
+			return nil, idErr
 		}
 		return UnmarshalCompactEvent(eventData, eventId, resolver)
 	}
@@ -196,12 +194,10 @@ func (d *D) fetchLegacyEvent(txn *badger.Txn, ser *types.Uint40) (ev *event.E, e
 		resolver := NewDatabaseSerialResolver(d, d.serialCache)
 		eventId, idErr := d.GetEventIdBySerial(ser)
 		if idErr != nil {
-			// Fall back to legacy unmarshal
-			ev = new(event.E)
-			if err = ev.UnmarshalBinary(bytes.NewBuffer(v)); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			return ev, nil
+			// Cannot decode compact format without event ID - return error
+			// DO NOT fall back to legacy unmarshal as compact format is not valid legacy format
+			log.W.F("fetchLegacyEvent: compact format but no event ID mapping for serial %d: %v", ser.Get(), idErr)
+			return nil, idErr
 		}
 		return UnmarshalCompactEvent(v, eventId, resolver)
 	}
--- a/pkg/database/serial_cache.go
+++ b/pkg/database/serial_cache.go
@@ -251,7 +251,11 @@ func (d *D) GetEventIdBySerial(ser *types.Uint40) (eventId []byte, err error) {
 		}

 		return item.Value(func(val []byte) error {
-			eventId = make([]byte, len(val))
+			// Validate that the stored value is exactly 32 bytes
+			if len(val) != 32 {
+				return errors.New("corrupted event ID: expected 32 bytes")
+			}
+			eventId = make([]byte, 32)
 			copy(eventId, val)
 			return nil
 		})
--- a/pkg/version/version
+++ b/pkg/version/version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-v0.47.0
+v0.48.8
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
woikos	0dac41e35e	Add documentation and improve BBolt import memory efficiency (v0.48.8) Some checks failed Go / build-and-release (push) Has been cancelled Details - Add README.md table of contents for easier navigation - Add Curation ACL documentation section to README.md - Create detailed Curation Mode Guide (docs/CURATION_MODE_GUIDE.md) - Fix OOM during BBolt index building by closing temp file before build - Add GC calls before index building to reclaim batch buffer memory - Improve import-export.go with processJSONLEventsReturningCount - Add policy-aware import path for sync operations Files modified: - README.md: Added TOC and curation ACL documentation - docs/CURATION_MODE_GUIDE.md: New comprehensive curation mode guide - pkg/bbolt/import-export.go: Memory-safe import with deferred cleanup - pkg/bbolt/import-minimal.go: Added GC before index build - pkg/version/version: Bump to v0.48.8 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>	2026-01-06 15:37:06 +01:00
woikos	2480be3a73	Fix OOM in BuildIndexes by processing in chunks (v0.48.6) - Process events in 200k chunks instead of loading all at once - Write indexes to disk after each chunk, then free memory - Call debug.FreeOSMemory() between chunks to release memory to OS - Memory usage now ~150-200MB per chunk instead of 5GB+ 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>	2026-01-06 09:10:50 +01:00
woikos	d363f5da04	Implement BBolt ImportEventsFromReader for migration (v0.48.1) Some checks failed Go / build-and-release (push) Has been cancelled Details - Add import-export.go with full JSONL import support for bbolt - Remove Import/Export/ImportEventsFromReader stubs from stubs.go - Includes batched write flush after import completion - Progress logging every 5 seconds during import Files modified: - pkg/bbolt/import-export.go: New file with import functionality - pkg/bbolt/stubs.go: Remove implemented stubs - pkg/version/version: v0.48.0 -> v0.48.1 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>	2026-01-06 06:57:06 +01:00
woikos	48a2b97b7e	Fix: Add bbolt import for factory registration	2026-01-06 06:52:55 +01:00
woikos	9fed1261ad	Add BBolt database backend for HDD-optimized archival relays (v0.48.0) - BBolt B+tree backend with sequential access patterns for spinning disks - Write batching (5000 events / 128MB / 30s flush) to reduce disk thrashing - Adjacency list storage for graph data (one key per vertex, not per edge) - Bloom filter for fast negative edge existence checks (~12MB for 10M edges) - No query cache (saves RAM, B+tree reads are fast enough on HDD) - Migration tool: orly migrate --from badger --to bbolt - Configuration: ORLY_BBOLT_* environment variables Files modified: - app/config/config.go: Added BBolt configuration options - main.go: Added migrate subcommand and BBolt config wiring - pkg/database/factory.go: Added BBolt factory registration - pkg/bbolt/*: New BBolt database backend implementation 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>	2026-01-06 06:50:58 +01:00
woikos	8dfd25613d	Fix corrupted events with zero-filled IDs/pubkeys/sigs (v0.47.1) Some checks failed Go / build-and-release (push) Has been cancelled Details - Add validation in GetEventIdBySerial to ensure sei value is 32 bytes - Fix fallback-to-legacy bug: return error instead of attempting legacy unmarshal on compact format data when event ID lookup fails - Add upfront validation in UnmarshalCompactEvent for eventId length - Prevents events with all-zero IDs from being returned to clients Files modified: - pkg/database/serial_cache.go: Validate sei value is exactly 32 bytes - pkg/database/fetch-events-by-serials.go: Return error for compact format when eventId missing instead of falling back to legacy unmarshal - pkg/database/fetch-event-by-serial.go: Same fix for single event fetch - pkg/database/compact_event.go: Validate eventId is 32 bytes upfront - pkg/version/version: Bump to v0.47.1 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>	2026-01-06 05:51:34 +01:00