wazero/internal/integration_test/engine/adhoc_test.go

package adhoc

import (
	"context"
	_ "embed"
	"math"
	"strconv"
	"testing"
	"time"
	"unsafe"

	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/internal/platform"
	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/internal/testing/binaryencoding"
	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/internal/testing/proxy"
	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/internal/testing/require"
	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/internal/wasm"
	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/sys"
)

// testCtx is an arbitrary, non-default context. Non-nil also prevents linter errors.
var testCtx = context.WithValue(context.Background(), struct{}{}, "arbitrary")

const (
	i32, i64 = wasm.ValueTypeI32, wasm.ValueTypeI64
)

var memoryCapacityPages = uint32(2)

var moduleConfig = wazero.NewModuleConfig()

var tests = map[string]func(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime){
	"huge stack":                                        testHugeStack,
	"unreachable":                                       testUnreachable,
	"recursive entry":                                   testRecursiveEntry,
	"host func memory":                                  testHostFuncMemory,
	"host function with context parameter":              testHostFunctionContextParameter,
	"host function with nested context":                 testNestedGoContext,
	"host function with numeric parameter":              testHostFunctionNumericParameter,
	"close module with in-flight calls":                 testCloseInFlight,
	"multiple instantiation from same source":           testMultipleInstantiation,
	"exported function that grows memory":               testMemOps,
	"import functions with reference type in signature": testReftypeImports,
	"overflow integer addition":                         testOverflow,
	"un-signed extend global":                           testGlobalExtend,
	"user-defined primitive in host func":               testUserDefinedPrimitiveHostFunc,
	"ensures invocations terminate on module close":     testEnsureTerminationOnClose,
	"call host function indirectly":                     callHostFunctionIndirect,
}

func TestEngineCompiler(t *testing.T) {
	if !platform.CompilerSupported() {
		t.Skip()
	}
	runAllTests(t, tests, wazero.NewRuntimeConfigCompiler().WithCloseOnContextDone(true))
}

func TestEngineInterpreter(t *testing.T) {
	runAllTests(t, tests, wazero.NewRuntimeConfigInterpreter().WithCloseOnContextDone(true))
}

func runAllTests(t *testing.T, tests map[string]func(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime), config wazero.RuntimeConfig) {
	for name, testf := range tests {
		name := name   // pin
		testf := testf // pin
		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
			t.Parallel()
			testf(t, wazero.NewRuntimeWithConfig(testCtx, config))
		})
	}
}

var (
	//go:embed testdata/unreachable.wasm
	unreachableWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/recursive.wasm
	recursiveWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/host_memory.wasm
	hostMemoryWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/hugestack.wasm
	hugestackWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/memory.wasm
	memoryWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/reftype_imports.wasm
	reftypeImportsWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/overflow.wasm
	overflowWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/global_extend.wasm
	globalExtendWasm []byte
	//go:embed testdata/infinite_loop.wasm
	infiniteLoopWasm []byte
)

func testEnsureTerminationOnClose(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	compiled, err := r.CompileModule(context.Background(), infiniteLoopWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	newInfiniteLoopFn := func(t *testing.T) (m api.Module, infinite api.Function) {
		var err error
		m, err = r.InstantiateModule(context.Background(), compiled, wazero.NewModuleConfig().WithName(t.Name()))
		require.NoError(t, err)
		infinite = m.ExportedFunction("infinite_loop")
		require.NotNil(t, infinite)
		return
	}

	t.Run("context cancel", func(t *testing.T) {
		_, infinite := newInfiniteLoopFn(t)
		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
		go func() {
			time.Sleep(time.Second)
			cancel()
		}()
		_, err = infinite.Call(ctx)
		require.Error(t, err)
		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "module closed with context canceled")
	})

	t.Run("context cancel in advance", func(t *testing.T) {
		_, infinite := newInfiniteLoopFn(t)
		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
		cancel()
		_, err = infinite.Call(ctx)
		require.Error(t, err)
		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "module closed with context canceled")
	})

	t.Run("context timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
		_, infinite := newInfiniteLoopFn(t)
		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
		defer cancel()
		_, err = infinite.Call(ctx)
		require.Error(t, err)
		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "module closed with context deadline exceeded")
	})

	t.Run("explicit close of module", func(t *testing.T) {
		module, infinite := newInfiniteLoopFn(t)
		go func() {
			time.Sleep(time.Second)
			require.NoError(t, module.CloseWithExitCode(context.Background(), 2))
		}()
		_, err = infinite.Call(context.Background())
		require.Error(t, err)
		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "module closed with exit_code(2)")
	})
}

func testUserDefinedPrimitiveHostFunc(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	type u32 uint32
	type u64 uint64
	type f32 float32
	type f64 float64

	const fn = "fn"
	hostCompiled, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder("host").NewFunctionBuilder().
		WithFunc(func(u1 u32, u2 u64, f1 f32, f2 f64) u64 {
			return u64(u1) + u2 + u64(math.Float32bits(float32(f1))) + u64(math.Float64bits(float64(f2)))
		}).Export(fn).Compile(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	_, err = r.InstantiateModule(testCtx, hostCompiled, wazero.NewModuleConfig())
	require.NoError(t, err)

	proxyBin := proxy.NewModuleBinary("host", hostCompiled)

	mod, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, proxyBin)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	f := mod.ExportedFunction(fn)
	require.NotNil(t, f)

	const u1, u2, f1, f2 = 1, 2, float32(1234.123), 5431.123
	res, err := f.Call(context.Background(), uint64(u1), uint64(u2), uint64(math.Float32bits(f1)), math.Float64bits(f2))
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Equal(t, res[0], uint64(u1)+uint64(u2)+uint64(math.Float32bits(f1))+math.Float64bits(f2))
}

func testReftypeImports(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	type dog struct {
		name string
	}

	hostObj := &dog{name: "hello"}
	host, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder("host").
		NewFunctionBuilder().
		WithFunc(func(ctx context.Context, externrefFromRefNull uintptr) uintptr {
			require.Zero(t, externrefFromRefNull)
			return uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(hostObj))
		}).
		Export("externref").
		Instantiate(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer host.Close(testCtx)

	module, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, reftypeImportsWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer module.Close(testCtx)

	actual, err := module.ExportedFunction("get_externref_by_host").Call(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	// Verifies that the returned raw uintptr is the same as the one for the host object.
	require.Equal(t, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(hostObj)), uintptr(actual[0]))
}

func testHugeStack(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	module, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, hugestackWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer module.Close(testCtx)

	fn := module.ExportedFunction("main")
	require.NotNil(t, fn)

	res, err := fn.Call(testCtx, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) // params ignored by wasm
	require.NoError(t, err)

	const resultNumInUint64 = 180
	require.Equal(t, resultNumInUint64, len(res))
	for i := uint64(1); i <= resultNumInUint64; i++ {
		require.Equal(t, i, res[i-1])
	}
}

// testOverflow ensures that adding one into the maximum integer results in the
// minimum one. See #636.
func testOverflow(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	module, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, overflowWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer module.Close(testCtx)

	for _, name := range []string{"i32", "i64"} {
		i32 := module.ExportedFunction(name)
		require.NotNil(t, i32)

		res, err := i32.Call(testCtx)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		require.Equal(t, uint64(1), res[0])
	}
}

// testGlobalExtend ensures that un-signed extension of i32 globals must be zero extended. See #656.
func testGlobalExtend(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	module, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, globalExtendWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer module.Close(testCtx)

	extend := module.ExportedFunction("extend")
	require.NotNil(t, extend)

	res, err := extend.Call(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	require.Equal(t, uint64(0xffff_ffff), res[0])
}

func testUnreachable(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	callUnreachable := func() {
		panic("panic in host function")
	}

	_, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder("host").
		NewFunctionBuilder().WithFunc(callUnreachable).Export("cause_unreachable").
		Instantiate(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	module, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, unreachableWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer module.Close(testCtx)

	_, err = module.ExportedFunction("main").Call(testCtx)
	exp := `panic in host function (recovered by wazero)
wasm stack trace:
	host.cause_unreachable()
	.two()
	.one()
	.main()`
	require.Equal(t, exp, err.Error())
}

func testRecursiveEntry(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	hostfunc := func(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module) {
		_, err := mod.ExportedFunction("called_by_host_func").Call(testCtx)
		require.NoError(t, err)
	}

	_, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder("env").
		NewFunctionBuilder().WithFunc(hostfunc).Export("host_func").
		Instantiate(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	module, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, recursiveWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer module.Close(testCtx)

	_, err = module.ExportedFunction("main").Call(testCtx, 1)
	require.NoError(t, err)
}

// testHostFuncMemory ensures that host functions can see the callers' memory
func testHostFuncMemory(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	var memory *wasm.MemoryInstance
	storeInt := func(ctx context.Context, m api.Module, offset uint32, val uint64) uint32 {
		if !m.Memory().WriteUint64Le(offset, val) {
			return 1
		}
		// sneak a reference to the memory, so we can check it later
		memory = m.Memory().(*wasm.MemoryInstance)
		return 0
	}

	host, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder("host").
		NewFunctionBuilder().WithFunc(storeInt).Export("store_int").
		Instantiate(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer host.Close(testCtx)

	module, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, hostMemoryWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer module.Close(testCtx)

	// Call store_int and ensure it didn't return an error code.
	fn := module.ExportedFunction("store_int")
	results, err := fn.Call(testCtx, 1, math.MaxUint64)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Equal(t, uint64(0), results[0])

	// Since offset=1 and val=math.MaxUint64, we expect to have written exactly 8 bytes, with all bits set, at index 1.
	require.Equal(t, []byte{0x0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x0}, memory.Buffer[0:10])
}

// testNestedGoContext ensures context is updated when a function calls another.
func testNestedGoContext(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	nestedCtx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), struct{}{}, "nested")

	importedName := t.Name() + "-imported"
	importingName := t.Name() + "-importing"

	var importing api.Module

	imported, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder(importedName).
		NewFunctionBuilder().
		WithFunc(func(ctx context.Context, p uint32) uint32 {
			// We expect the initial context, testCtx, to be overwritten by "outer" when it called this.
			require.Equal(t, nestedCtx, ctx)
			return p + 1
		}).
		Export("inner").
		NewFunctionBuilder().
		WithFunc(func(ctx context.Context, module api.Module, p uint32) uint32 {
			require.Equal(t, testCtx, ctx)
			results, err := module.ExportedFunction("inner").Call(nestedCtx, uint64(p))
			require.NoError(t, err)
			return uint32(results[0]) + 1
		}).
		Export("outer").
		Instantiate(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer imported.Close(testCtx)

	// Instantiate a module that uses Wasm code to call the host function.
	importing, err = r.Instantiate(testCtx, callOuterInnerWasm(t, importedName, importingName))
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer importing.Close(testCtx)

	input := uint64(math.MaxUint32 - 2) // We expect two calls where each increment by one.
	results, err := importing.ExportedFunction("call->outer").Call(testCtx, input)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Equal(t, uint64(math.MaxUint32), results[0])
}

// testHostFunctionContextParameter ensures arg0 is optionally a context.
func testHostFunctionContextParameter(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	importedName := t.Name() + "-imported"
	importingName := t.Name() + "-importing"

	var importing api.Module
	fns := map[string]interface{}{
		"ctx": func(ctx context.Context, p uint32) uint32 {
			require.Equal(t, testCtx, ctx)
			return p + 1
		},
		"ctx mod": func(ctx context.Context, module api.Module, p uint32) uint32 {
			require.Equal(t, importing, module)
			return p + 1
		},
	}

	for test := range fns {
		t.Run(test, func(t *testing.T) {
			imported, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder(importedName).
				NewFunctionBuilder().WithFunc(fns[test]).Export("return_input").
				Instantiate(testCtx)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			defer imported.Close(testCtx)

			// Instantiate a module that uses Wasm code to call the host function.
			importing, err = r.Instantiate(testCtx,
				callReturnImportWasm(t, importedName, importingName, i32))
			require.NoError(t, err)
			defer importing.Close(testCtx)

			results, err := importing.ExportedFunction("call_return_input").Call(testCtx, math.MaxUint32-1)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			require.Equal(t, uint64(math.MaxUint32), results[0])
		})
	}
}

// testHostFunctionNumericParameter ensures numeric parameters aren't corrupted
func testHostFunctionNumericParameter(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	importedName := t.Name() + "-imported"
	importingName := t.Name() + "-importing"

	fns := map[string]interface{}{
		"i32": func(ctx context.Context, p uint32) uint32 {
			return p + 1
		},
		"i64": func(ctx context.Context, p uint64) uint64 {
			return p + 1
		},
		"f32": func(ctx context.Context, p float32) float32 {
			return p + 1
		},
		"f64": func(ctx context.Context, p float64) float64 {
			return p + 1
		},
	}

	for _, test := range []struct {
		name            string
		vt              wasm.ValueType
		input, expected uint64
	}{
		{
			name:     "i32",
			vt:       i32,
			input:    math.MaxUint32 - 1,
			expected: math.MaxUint32,
		},
		{
			name:     "i64",
			vt:       i64,
			input:    math.MaxUint64 - 1,
			expected: math.MaxUint64,
		},
		{
			name:     "f32",
			vt:       wasm.ValueTypeF32,
			input:    api.EncodeF32(math.MaxFloat32 - 1),
			expected: api.EncodeF32(math.MaxFloat32),
		},
		{
			name:     "f64",
			vt:       wasm.ValueTypeF64,
			input:    api.EncodeF64(math.MaxFloat64 - 1),
			expected: api.EncodeF64(math.MaxFloat64),
		},
	} {
		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			imported, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder(importedName).
				NewFunctionBuilder().WithFunc(fns[test.name]).Export("return_input").
				Instantiate(testCtx)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			defer imported.Close(testCtx)

			// Instantiate a module that uses Wasm code to call the host function.
			importing, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx,
				callReturnImportWasm(t, importedName, importingName, test.vt))
			require.NoError(t, err)
			defer importing.Close(testCtx)

			results, err := importing.ExportedFunction("call_return_input").Call(testCtx, test.input)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			require.Equal(t, test.expected, results[0])
		})
	}
}

func callHostFunctionIndirect(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	// With the following call graph,
	//  originWasmModule -- call --> importingWasmModule -- call --> hostModule
	// this ensures that hostModule's hostFn only has access importingWasmModule, not originWasmModule.

	const hostModule, importingWasmModule, originWasmModule = "host", "importing", "origin"
	const hostFn, importingWasmModuleFn, originModuleFn = "host_fn", "call_host_func", "origin"
	importingModule := &wasm.Module{
		TypeSection:     []wasm.FunctionType{{Params: []wasm.ValueType{}, Results: []wasm.ValueType{}}},
		ImportSection:   []wasm.Import{{Module: hostModule, Name: hostFn, Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, DescFunc: 0}},
		FunctionSection: []wasm.Index{0},
		ExportSection:   []wasm.Export{{Name: importingWasmModuleFn, Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, Index: 1}},
		CodeSection:     []wasm.Code{{Body: []byte{wasm.OpcodeCall, 0, wasm.OpcodeEnd}}},
		NameSection:     &wasm.NameSection{ModuleName: importingWasmModule},
	}

	originModule := &wasm.Module{
		TypeSection:     []wasm.FunctionType{{Params: []wasm.ValueType{}, Results: []wasm.ValueType{}}},
		ImportSection:   []wasm.Import{{Module: importingWasmModule, Name: importingWasmModuleFn, Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, DescFunc: 0}},
		FunctionSection: []wasm.Index{0},
		ExportSection:   []wasm.Export{{Name: "origin", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, Index: 1}},
		CodeSection:     []wasm.Code{{Body: []byte{wasm.OpcodeCall, 0, wasm.OpcodeEnd}}},
		NameSection:     &wasm.NameSection{ModuleName: originWasmModule},
	}

	require.NoError(t, importingModule.Validate(api.CoreFeaturesV2))
	require.NoError(t, originModule.Validate(api.CoreFeaturesV2))
	importingModuleBytes := binaryencoding.EncodeModule(importingModule)
	originModuleBytes := binaryencoding.EncodeModule(originModule)

	var originInst, importingInst api.Module
	_, err := r.NewHostModuleBuilder(hostModule).
		NewFunctionBuilder().
		WithFunc(func(ctx context.Context, mod api.Module) {
			// Module must be the caller (importing module), not the origin.
			require.Equal(t, mod, importingInst)
			require.NotEqual(t, mod, originInst)
			// Name must be the caller, not origin.
			require.Equal(t, importingWasmModule, mod.Name())
		}).
		Export(hostFn).
		Instantiate(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	importingInst, err = r.Instantiate(testCtx, importingModuleBytes)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	originInst, err = r.Instantiate(testCtx, originModuleBytes)
	require.NoError(t, err)

	originFn := originInst.ExportedFunction(originModuleFn)
	require.NotNil(t, originFn)

	_, err = originFn.Call(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)
}

func callReturnImportWasm(t *testing.T, importedModule, importingModule string, vt wasm.ValueType) []byte {
	// test an imported function by re-exporting it
	module := &wasm.Module{
		TypeSection: []wasm.FunctionType{{Params: []wasm.ValueType{vt}, Results: []wasm.ValueType{vt}}},
		// (import "%[2]s" "return_input" (func $return_input (param i32) (result i32)))
		ImportSection: []wasm.Import{
			{Module: importedModule, Name: "return_input", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, DescFunc: 0},
		},
		FunctionSection: []wasm.Index{0},
		ExportSection: []wasm.Export{
			// (export "return_input" (func $return_input))
			{Name: "return_input", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, Index: 0},
			// (export "call_return_input" (func $call_return_input))
			{Name: "call_return_input", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, Index: 1},
		},
		// (func $call_return_input (param i32) (result i32) local.get 0 call $return_input)
		CodeSection: []wasm.Code{
			{Body: []byte{wasm.OpcodeLocalGet, 0, wasm.OpcodeCall, 0, wasm.OpcodeEnd}},
		},
		NameSection: &wasm.NameSection{
			ModuleName: importingModule,
			FunctionNames: wasm.NameMap{
				{Index: 0, Name: "return_input"},
				{Index: 1, Name: "call_return_input"},
			},
		},
	}
	require.NoError(t, module.Validate(api.CoreFeaturesV2))
	return binaryencoding.EncodeModule(module)
}

func callOuterInnerWasm(t *testing.T, importedModule, importingModule string) []byte {
	module := &wasm.Module{
		TypeSection: []wasm.FunctionType{{Params: []wasm.ValueType{i32}, Results: []wasm.ValueType{i32}}},
		// (import "%[2]s" "outer" (func $outer (param i32) (result i32)))
		// (import "%[2]s" "inner" (func $inner (param i32) (result i32)))
		ImportSection: []wasm.Import{
			{Module: importedModule, Name: "outer", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, DescFunc: 0},
			{Module: importedModule, Name: "inner", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, DescFunc: 0},
		},
		FunctionSection: []wasm.Index{0, 0},
		ExportSection: []wasm.Export{
			// (export "call->outer" (func $call_outer))
			{Name: "call->outer", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, Index: 2},
			// 	(export "inner" (func $call_inner))
			{Name: "inner", Type: wasm.ExternTypeFunc, Index: 3},
		},
		CodeSection: []wasm.Code{
			// (func $call_outer (param i32) (result i32) local.get 0 call $outer)
			{Body: []byte{wasm.OpcodeLocalGet, 0, wasm.OpcodeCall, 0, wasm.OpcodeEnd}},
			// (func $call_inner (param i32) (result i32) local.get 0 call $inner)
			{Body: []byte{wasm.OpcodeLocalGet, 0, wasm.OpcodeCall, 1, wasm.OpcodeEnd}},
		},
		NameSection: &wasm.NameSection{
			ModuleName: importingModule,
			FunctionNames: wasm.NameMap{
				{Index: 0, Name: "outer"},
				{Index: 1, Name: "inner"},
				{Index: 2, Name: "call_outer"},
				{Index: 3, Name: "call_inner"},
			},
		},
	}
	require.NoError(t, module.Validate(api.CoreFeaturesV2))
	return binaryencoding.EncodeModule(module)
}

func testCloseInFlight(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	tests := []struct {
		name, function                        string
		closeImporting, closeImported         uint32
		closeImportingCode, closeImportedCode bool
	}{
		{ // e.g. WASI proc_exit or AssemblyScript abort handler.
			name:           "importing",
			function:       "call_return_input",
			closeImporting: 1,
		},
		// TODO: A module that re-exports a function (ex "return_input") can call it after it is closed!
		{ // e.g. A function that stops the runtime.
			name:           "both",
			function:       "call_return_input",
			closeImporting: 1,
			closeImported:  2,
		},
		{ // e.g. WASI proc_exit or AssemblyScript abort handler.
			name:              "importing",
			function:          "call_return_input",
			closeImporting:    1,
			closeImportedCode: true,
		},
		{ // e.g. WASI proc_exit or AssemblyScript abort handler.
			name:               "importing",
			function:           "call_return_input",
			closeImporting:     1,
			closeImportedCode:  true,
			closeImportingCode: true,
		},
		// TODO: A module that re-exports a function (ex "return_input") can call it after it is closed!
		{ // e.g. A function that stops the runtime.
			name:               "both",
			function:           "call_return_input",
			closeImporting:     1,
			closeImported:      2,
			closeImportingCode: true,
		},
	}
	for _, tt := range tests {
		tc := tt

		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			var importingCode, importedCode wazero.CompiledModule
			var imported, importing api.Module
			var err error
			closeAndReturn := func(ctx context.Context, x uint32) uint32 {
				if tc.closeImporting != 0 {
					require.NoError(t, importing.CloseWithExitCode(ctx, tc.closeImporting))
				}
				if tc.closeImported != 0 {
					require.NoError(t, imported.CloseWithExitCode(ctx, tc.closeImported))
				}
				if tc.closeImportedCode {
					importedCode.Close(testCtx)
				}
				if tc.closeImportingCode {
					importingCode.Close(testCtx)
				}
				return x
			}

			// Create the host module, which exports the function that closes the importing module.
			importedCode, err = r.NewHostModuleBuilder(t.Name() + "-imported").
				NewFunctionBuilder().WithFunc(closeAndReturn).Export("return_input").
				Compile(testCtx)
			require.NoError(t, err)

			imported, err = r.InstantiateModule(testCtx, importedCode, moduleConfig)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			defer imported.Close(testCtx)

			// Import that module.
			binary := callReturnImportWasm(t, imported.Name(), t.Name()+"-importing", i32)
			importingCode, err = r.CompileModule(testCtx, binary)
			require.NoError(t, err)

			importing, err = r.InstantiateModule(testCtx, importingCode, moduleConfig)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			defer importing.Close(testCtx)

			var expectedErr error
			if tc.closeImported != 0 && tc.closeImporting != 0 {
				// When both modules are closed, importing is the better one to choose in the error message.
				expectedErr = sys.NewExitError(tc.closeImporting)
			} else if tc.closeImported != 0 {
				expectedErr = sys.NewExitError(tc.closeImported)
			} else if tc.closeImporting != 0 {
				expectedErr = sys.NewExitError(tc.closeImporting)
			} else {
				t.Fatal("invalid test case")
			}

			// Functions that return after being closed should have an exit error.
			_, err = importing.ExportedFunction(tc.function).Call(testCtx, 5)
			require.Equal(t, expectedErr, err)
		})
	}
}

func testMemOps(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	// Instantiate a module that manages its memory
	mod, err := r.Instantiate(testCtx, memoryWasm)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer mod.Close(testCtx)

	// Check the export worked
	require.Equal(t, mod.Memory(), mod.ExportedMemory("memory"))
	memory := mod.Memory()

	sizeFn, storeFn, growFn := mod.ExportedFunction("size"), mod.ExportedFunction("store"), mod.ExportedFunction("grow")

	// Check the size command worked
	results, err := sizeFn.Call(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Zero(t, results[0])
	require.Zero(t, memory.Size())

	// Any offset should be out of bounds error even when it is less than memory capacity(=memoryCapacityPages).
	_, err = storeFn.Call(testCtx, wasm.MemoryPagesToBytesNum(memoryCapacityPages)-8)
	require.Error(t, err) // Out of bounds error.

	// Try to grow the memory by one page
	results, err = growFn.Call(testCtx, 1)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Zero(t, results[0]) // should succeed and return the old size in pages.

	// Any offset larger than the current size should be out of bounds error even when it is less than memory capacity.
	_, err = storeFn.Call(testCtx, wasm.MemoryPagesToBytesNum(memoryCapacityPages)-8)
	require.Error(t, err) // Out of bounds error.

	// Check the size command works!
	results, err = sizeFn.Call(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), results[0])        // 1 page
	require.Equal(t, uint32(65536), memory.Size()) // 64KB

	// Grow again so that the memory size matches memory capacity.
	results, err = growFn.Call(testCtx, 1)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), results[0])

	// Verify the size matches cap.
	results, err = sizeFn.Call(testCtx)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.Equal(t, uint64(memoryCapacityPages), results[0])

	// Now the store instruction at the memory capcity bound should succeed.
	_, err = storeFn.Call(testCtx, wasm.MemoryPagesToBytesNum(memoryCapacityPages)-8) // i64.store needs 8 bytes from offset.
	require.NoError(t, err)
}

func testMultipleInstantiation(t *testing.T, r wazero.Runtime) {
	bin := binaryencoding.EncodeModule(&wasm.Module{
		TypeSection:     []wasm.FunctionType{{}},
		FunctionSection: []wasm.Index{0},
		MemorySection:   &wasm.Memory{Min: 1, Cap: 1, Max: 1, IsMaxEncoded: true},
		CodeSection: []wasm.Code{{
			Body: []byte{
				wasm.OpcodeI32Const, 1, // i32.const 1    ;; memory offset
				wasm.OpcodeI64Const, 0xe8, 0x7, // i64.const 1000 ;; expected value
				wasm.OpcodeI64Store, 0x3, 0x0, // i64.store
				wasm.OpcodeEnd,
			},
		}},
		ExportSection: []wasm.Export{{Name: "store"}},
	})
	compiled, err := r.CompileModule(testCtx, bin)
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer compiled.Close(testCtx)

	// Instantiate multiple modules with the same source (*CompiledModule).
	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
		module, err := r.InstantiateModule(testCtx, compiled, wazero.NewModuleConfig().WithName(strconv.Itoa(i)))
		require.NoError(t, err)
		defer module.Close(testCtx)

		// Ensure that compilation cache doesn't cause race on memory instance.
		before, ok := module.Memory().ReadUint64Le(1)
		require.True(t, ok)
		// Value must be zero as the memory must not be affected by the previously instantiated modules.
		require.Zero(t, before)

		f := module.ExportedFunction("store")
		require.NotNil(t, f)

		_, err = f.Call(testCtx)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// After the call, the value must be set properly.
		after, ok := module.Memory().ReadUint64Le(1)
		require.True(t, ok)
		require.Equal(t, uint64(1000), after)
	}
}