Rename project from Gooti to Plebian Signer and add Claude Code config
- Rename all gooti-* files to plebian-signer-* across Chrome and Firefox - Rename GootiMetaHandler to SignerMetaHandler in common library - Update all references to use new naming convention - Add CLAUDE.md with project build/architecture documentation - Add Claude Code release command tailored for this npm/Angular project - Add NWC-IMPLEMENTATION.md design document - Add Claude skills for nostr, typescript, react, svelte, and applesauce libs - Update README and various component templates with new branding 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
133
.claude/skills/typescript/README.md
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133
.claude/skills/typescript/README.md
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# TypeScript Claude Skill
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Comprehensive TypeScript skill for type-safe development with modern JavaScript/TypeScript applications.
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## Overview
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This skill provides in-depth knowledge about TypeScript's type system, patterns, best practices, and integration with popular frameworks like React. It covers everything from basic types to advanced type manipulation techniques.
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## Files
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### Core Documentation
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- **SKILL.md** - Main skill file with workflows and when to use this skill
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- **quick-reference.md** - Quick lookup guide for common TypeScript syntax and patterns
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### Reference Materials
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- **references/type-system.md** - Comprehensive guide to TypeScript's type system
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- **references/utility-types.md** - Complete reference for built-in and custom utility types
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- **references/common-patterns.md** - Real-world TypeScript patterns and idioms
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### Examples
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- **examples/type-system-basics.ts** - Fundamental TypeScript concepts
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- **examples/advanced-types.ts** - Generics, conditional types, mapped types
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- **examples/react-patterns.ts** - Type-safe React components and hooks
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- **examples/README.md** - Guide to using the examples
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## Usage
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### When to Use This Skill
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Reference this skill when:
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- Writing or refactoring TypeScript code
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- Designing type-safe APIs and interfaces
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- Working with advanced type system features
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- Configuring TypeScript projects
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- Troubleshooting type errors
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- Implementing type-safe patterns with libraries
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- Converting JavaScript to TypeScript
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### Quick Start
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For quick lookups, start with `quick-reference.md` which provides concise syntax and patterns.
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For learning or deep dives:
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1. **Fundamentals**: Start with `references/type-system.md`
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2. **Utilities**: Learn about transformations in `references/utility-types.md`
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3. **Patterns**: Study real-world patterns in `references/common-patterns.md`
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4. **Practice**: Explore code examples in `examples/`
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## Key Topics Covered
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### Type System
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- Primitive types and special types
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- Object types (interfaces, type aliases)
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- Union and intersection types
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- Literal types and template literal types
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- Type inference and narrowing
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- Generic types with constraints
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- Conditional types and mapped types
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- Recursive types
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|
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### Advanced Features
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- Type guards and type predicates
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- Assertion functions
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- Branded types for nominal typing
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- Key remapping and filtering
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- Distributive conditional types
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- Type-level programming
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|
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### Utility Types
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- Built-in utilities (Partial, Pick, Omit, etc.)
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- Custom utility type patterns
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- Deep transformations
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- Type composition
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|
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### React Integration
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- Component props typing
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- Generic components
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- Hooks with TypeScript
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- Context with type safety
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- Event handlers
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- Ref typing
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|
||||
### Best Practices
|
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- Type safety patterns
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- Error handling
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- Code organization
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- Integration with Zod for runtime validation
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- Named return variables (Go-style)
|
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- Discriminated unions for state management
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|
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## Integration with Project Stack
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|
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This skill is designed to work seamlessly with:
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- **React 19**: Type-safe component development
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- **TanStack Ecosystem**: Typed queries, routing, forms, and stores
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- **Zod**: Runtime validation with type inference
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- **Radix UI**: Component prop typing
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- **Tailwind CSS**: Type-safe className composition
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|
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## Examples
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|
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All examples are self-contained and demonstrate practical patterns:
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- Based on real-world usage
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- Follow project best practices
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- Include comprehensive comments
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- Can be run with `ts-node`
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- Ready to adapt to your needs
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## Configuration
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The skill includes guidance on TypeScript configuration with recommended settings for:
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- Strict type checking
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- Module resolution
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- JSX support
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- Path aliases
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- Declaration files
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|
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## Contributing
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|
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When adding new patterns or examples:
|
||||
1. Follow existing file structure
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2. Include comprehensive comments
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3. Demonstrate real-world usage
|
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4. Add to appropriate reference file
|
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5. Update this README if needed
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|
||||
## Resources
|
||||
|
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- [TypeScript Handbook](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/)
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- [TypeScript Deep Dive](https://basarat.gitbook.io/typescript/)
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||||
- [Type Challenges](https://github.com/type-challenges/type-challenges)
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- [TSConfig Reference](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig)
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|
||||
359
.claude/skills/typescript/SKILL.md
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359
.claude/skills/typescript/SKILL.md
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---
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name: typescript
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||||
description: This skill should be used when working with TypeScript code, including type definitions, type inference, generics, utility types, and TypeScript configuration. Provides comprehensive knowledge of TypeScript patterns, best practices, and advanced type system features.
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---
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||||
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# TypeScript Skill
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||||
|
||||
This skill provides comprehensive knowledge and patterns for working with TypeScript effectively in modern applications.
|
||||
|
||||
## When to Use This Skill
|
||||
|
||||
Use this skill when:
|
||||
- Writing or refactoring TypeScript code
|
||||
- Designing type-safe APIs and interfaces
|
||||
- Working with advanced type system features (generics, conditional types, mapped types)
|
||||
- Configuring TypeScript projects (tsconfig.json)
|
||||
- Troubleshooting type errors
|
||||
- Implementing type-safe patterns with libraries (React, TanStack, etc.)
|
||||
- Converting JavaScript code to TypeScript
|
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|
||||
## Core Concepts
|
||||
|
||||
### Type System Fundamentals
|
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|
||||
TypeScript provides static typing for JavaScript with a powerful type system that includes:
|
||||
- Primitive types (string, number, boolean, null, undefined, symbol, bigint)
|
||||
- Object types (interfaces, type aliases, classes)
|
||||
- Array and tuple types
|
||||
- Union and intersection types
|
||||
- Literal types and template literal types
|
||||
- Type inference and type narrowing
|
||||
- Generic types with constraints
|
||||
- Conditional types and mapped types
|
||||
|
||||
### Type Inference
|
||||
|
||||
Leverage TypeScript's type inference to write less verbose code:
|
||||
- Let TypeScript infer return types when obvious
|
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- Use type inference for variable declarations
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||||
- Rely on generic type inference in function calls
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- Use `as const` for immutable literal types
|
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|
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### Type Safety Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
Implement type-safe patterns:
|
||||
- Use discriminated unions for state management
|
||||
- Implement type guards for runtime type checking
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- Use branded types for nominal typing
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- Leverage conditional types for API design
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||||
- Use template literal types for string manipulation
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||||
|
||||
## Key Workflows
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Designing Type-Safe APIs
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|
||||
When designing APIs, follow these patterns:
|
||||
|
||||
**Interface vs Type Alias:**
|
||||
- Use `interface` for object shapes that may be extended
|
||||
- Use `type` for unions, intersections, and complex type operations
|
||||
- Use `type` with mapped types and conditional types
|
||||
|
||||
**Generic Constraints:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Use extends for generic constraints
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||||
function getValue<T extends { id: string }>(item: T): string {
|
||||
return item.id
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Discriminated Unions:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Use for type-safe state machines
|
||||
type State =
|
||||
| { status: 'idle' }
|
||||
| { status: 'loading' }
|
||||
| { status: 'success'; data: Data }
|
||||
| { status: 'error'; error: Error }
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||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Working with Utility Types
|
||||
|
||||
Use built-in utility types for common transformations:
|
||||
- `Partial<T>` - Make all properties optional
|
||||
- `Required<T>` - Make all properties required
|
||||
- `Readonly<T>` - Make all properties readonly
|
||||
- `Pick<T, K>` - Select specific properties
|
||||
- `Omit<T, K>` - Exclude specific properties
|
||||
- `Record<K, T>` - Create object type with specific keys
|
||||
- `Exclude<T, U>` - Exclude types from union
|
||||
- `Extract<T, U>` - Extract types from union
|
||||
- `NonNullable<T>` - Remove null/undefined
|
||||
- `ReturnType<T>` - Get function return type
|
||||
- `Parameters<T>` - Get function parameter types
|
||||
- `Awaited<T>` - Unwrap Promise type
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Advanced Type Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
**Mapped Types:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Transform object types
|
||||
type Nullable<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]: T[K] | null
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ReadonlyDeep<T> = {
|
||||
readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends object
|
||||
? ReadonlyDeep<T[K]>
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||||
: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Conditional Types:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Type-level logic
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||||
type IsArray<T> = T extends Array<any> ? true : false
|
||||
|
||||
type Flatten<T> = T extends Array<infer U> ? U : T
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Template Literal Types:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// String manipulation at type level
|
||||
type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`
|
||||
type Route = `/api/${'users' | 'posts'}/${string}`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Type Narrowing
|
||||
|
||||
Use type guards and narrowing techniques:
|
||||
|
||||
**typeof guards:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
if (typeof value === 'string') {
|
||||
// value is string here
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**instanceof guards:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
if (error instanceof Error) {
|
||||
// error is Error here
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Custom type guards:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
|
||||
return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && 'id' in value
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Discriminated unions:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function handle(state: State) {
|
||||
switch (state.status) {
|
||||
case 'idle':
|
||||
// state is { status: 'idle' }
|
||||
break
|
||||
case 'success':
|
||||
// state is { status: 'success'; data: Data }
|
||||
console.log(state.data)
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Working with External Libraries
|
||||
|
||||
**Typing Third-Party Libraries:**
|
||||
- Install type definitions: `npm install --save-dev @types/package-name`
|
||||
- Create custom declarations in `.d.ts` files when types unavailable
|
||||
- Use module augmentation to extend existing type definitions
|
||||
|
||||
**Declaration Files:**
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// globals.d.ts
|
||||
declare global {
|
||||
interface Window {
|
||||
myCustomProperty: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export {}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. TypeScript Configuration
|
||||
|
||||
Configure `tsconfig.json` for strict type checking:
|
||||
|
||||
**Essential Strict Options:**
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"compilerOptions": {
|
||||
"strict": true,
|
||||
"noImplicitAny": true,
|
||||
"strictNullChecks": true,
|
||||
"strictFunctionTypes": true,
|
||||
"strictBindCallApply": true,
|
||||
"strictPropertyInitialization": true,
|
||||
"noImplicitThis": true,
|
||||
"alwaysStrict": true,
|
||||
"noUnusedLocals": true,
|
||||
"noUnusedParameters": true,
|
||||
"noImplicitReturns": true,
|
||||
"noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
|
||||
"skipLibCheck": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Prefer Type Inference Over Explicit Types
|
||||
Let TypeScript infer types when they're obvious from context.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Use Strict Mode
|
||||
Enable strict type checking to catch more errors at compile time.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Avoid `any` Type
|
||||
Use `unknown` for truly unknown types, then narrow with type guards.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Use Const Assertions
|
||||
Use `as const` for immutable values and narrow literal types.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Leverage Discriminated Unions
|
||||
Use for state machines and variant types for better type safety.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Create Reusable Generic Types
|
||||
Extract common type patterns into reusable generics.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Use Branded Types for Nominal Typing
|
||||
Create distinct types for values with same structure but different meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Document Complex Types
|
||||
Add JSDoc comments to explain non-obvious type decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Use Type-Only Imports
|
||||
Use `import type` for type-only imports to aid tree-shaking.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Handle Errors with Type Guards
|
||||
Use type guards to safely work with error objects.
|
||||
|
||||
## Common Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### React Component Props
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Use interface for component props
|
||||
interface ButtonProps {
|
||||
variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary'
|
||||
size?: 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg'
|
||||
onClick?: () => void
|
||||
children: React.ReactNode
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Button({ variant = 'primary', size = 'md', onClick, children }: ButtonProps) {
|
||||
// implementation
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### API Response Types
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Use discriminated unions for API responses
|
||||
type ApiResponse<T> =
|
||||
| { success: true; data: T }
|
||||
| { success: false; error: string }
|
||||
|
||||
// Helper for safe API calls
|
||||
async function fetchData<T>(url: string): Promise<ApiResponse<T>> {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = await fetch(url)
|
||||
const data = await response.json()
|
||||
return { success: true, data }
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
return { success: false, error: String(error) }
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Store/State Types
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Use interfaces for state objects
|
||||
interface AppState {
|
||||
user: User | null
|
||||
isAuthenticated: boolean
|
||||
theme: 'light' | 'dark'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Use type for actions (discriminated union)
|
||||
type AppAction =
|
||||
| { type: 'LOGIN'; payload: User }
|
||||
| { type: 'LOGOUT' }
|
||||
| { type: 'SET_THEME'; payload: 'light' | 'dark' }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
For detailed information on specific topics, refer to:
|
||||
- `references/type-system.md` - Deep dive into TypeScript's type system
|
||||
- `references/utility-types.md` - Complete guide to built-in utility types
|
||||
- `references/advanced-types.md` - Advanced type patterns and techniques
|
||||
- `references/tsconfig-reference.md` - Comprehensive tsconfig.json reference
|
||||
- `references/common-patterns.md` - Common TypeScript patterns and idioms
|
||||
- `examples/` - Practical code examples
|
||||
|
||||
## Troubleshooting
|
||||
|
||||
### Common Type Errors
|
||||
|
||||
**Type 'X' is not assignable to type 'Y':**
|
||||
- Check if types are compatible
|
||||
- Use type assertions when you know better than the compiler
|
||||
- Consider using union types or widening the target type
|
||||
|
||||
**Object is possibly 'null' or 'undefined':**
|
||||
- Use optional chaining: `object?.property`
|
||||
- Use nullish coalescing: `value ?? defaultValue`
|
||||
- Add type guards or null checks
|
||||
|
||||
**Type 'any' implicitly has...**
|
||||
- Enable strict mode and fix type definitions
|
||||
- Add explicit type annotations
|
||||
- Use `unknown` instead of `any` when appropriate
|
||||
|
||||
**Cannot find module or its type declarations:**
|
||||
- Install type definitions: `@types/package-name`
|
||||
- Create custom `.d.ts` declaration file
|
||||
- Add to `types` array in tsconfig.json
|
||||
|
||||
## Integration with Project Stack
|
||||
|
||||
### React 19
|
||||
Use TypeScript with React 19 features:
|
||||
- Type component props with interfaces
|
||||
- Use generic types for hooks
|
||||
- Type context providers properly
|
||||
- Use `React.FC` sparingly (prefer explicit typing)
|
||||
|
||||
### TanStack Ecosystem
|
||||
Type TanStack libraries properly:
|
||||
- TanStack Query: Type query keys and data
|
||||
- TanStack Router: Use typed route definitions
|
||||
- TanStack Form: Type form values and validation
|
||||
- TanStack Store: Type state and actions
|
||||
|
||||
### Zod Integration
|
||||
Combine Zod with TypeScript:
|
||||
- Use `z.infer<typeof schema>` to extract types from schemas
|
||||
- Let Zod handle runtime validation
|
||||
- Use TypeScript for compile-time type checking
|
||||
|
||||
## Resources
|
||||
|
||||
The TypeScript documentation provides comprehensive information:
|
||||
- Handbook: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/
|
||||
- Type manipulation: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/types-from-types.html
|
||||
- Utility types: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/utility-types.html
|
||||
- TSConfig reference: https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig
|
||||
|
||||
45
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/README.md
Normal file
45
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/README.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
# TypeScript Examples
|
||||
|
||||
This directory contains practical TypeScript examples demonstrating various patterns and features.
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
1. **type-system-basics.ts** - Fundamental TypeScript types and features
|
||||
2. **advanced-types.ts** - Generics, conditional types, and mapped types
|
||||
3. **react-patterns.ts** - Type-safe React components and hooks
|
||||
4. **api-patterns.ts** - API response handling with type safety
|
||||
5. **validation.ts** - Runtime validation with Zod and TypeScript
|
||||
|
||||
## How to Use
|
||||
|
||||
Each example file is self-contained and demonstrates specific TypeScript concepts. They're based on real-world patterns used in the Plebeian Market application and follow best practices for:
|
||||
|
||||
- Type safety
|
||||
- Error handling
|
||||
- Code organization
|
||||
- Reusability
|
||||
- Maintainability
|
||||
|
||||
## Running Examples
|
||||
|
||||
These examples are TypeScript files that can be:
|
||||
- Copied into your project
|
||||
- Used as reference for patterns
|
||||
- Modified for your specific needs
|
||||
- Run with `ts-node` for testing
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Run an example
|
||||
npx ts-node examples/type-system-basics.ts
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Learning Path
|
||||
|
||||
1. Start with `type-system-basics.ts` to understand fundamentals
|
||||
2. Move to `advanced-types.ts` for complex type patterns
|
||||
3. Explore `react-patterns.ts` for component typing
|
||||
4. Study `api-patterns.ts` for type-safe API handling
|
||||
5. Review `validation.ts` for runtime safety
|
||||
|
||||
Each example builds on previous concepts, so following this order is recommended for learners.
|
||||
|
||||
478
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/advanced-types.ts
Normal file
478
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/advanced-types.ts
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Advanced TypeScript Types
|
||||
*
|
||||
* This file demonstrates advanced TypeScript features including:
|
||||
* - Generics with constraints
|
||||
* - Conditional types
|
||||
* - Mapped types
|
||||
* - Template literal types
|
||||
* - Recursive types
|
||||
* - Utility type implementations
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Generics Basics
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic function
|
||||
function identity<T>(value: T): T {
|
||||
return value
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const stringValue = identity('hello') // Type: string
|
||||
const numberValue = identity(42) // Type: number
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic interface
|
||||
interface Box<T> {
|
||||
value: T
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const stringBox: Box<string> = { value: 'hello' }
|
||||
const numberBox: Box<number> = { value: 42 }
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic class
|
||||
class Stack<T> {
|
||||
private items: T[] = []
|
||||
|
||||
push(item: T): void {
|
||||
this.items.push(item)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pop(): T | undefined {
|
||||
return this.items.pop()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
peek(): T | undefined {
|
||||
return this.items[this.items.length - 1]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
isEmpty(): boolean {
|
||||
return this.items.length === 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const numberStack = new Stack<number>()
|
||||
numberStack.push(1)
|
||||
numberStack.push(2)
|
||||
numberStack.pop() // Type: number | undefined
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Generic Constraints
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Constrain to specific type
|
||||
interface HasLength {
|
||||
length: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function logLength<T extends HasLength>(item: T): void {
|
||||
console.log(item.length)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
logLength('string') // OK
|
||||
logLength([1, 2, 3]) // OK
|
||||
logLength({ length: 10 }) // OK
|
||||
// logLength(42) // Error: number doesn't have length
|
||||
|
||||
// Constrain to object keys
|
||||
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
|
||||
return obj[key]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const user: User = { id: '1', name: 'Alice', age: 30 }
|
||||
const userName = getProperty(user, 'name') // Type: string
|
||||
// const invalid = getProperty(user, 'invalid') // Error
|
||||
|
||||
// Multiple type parameters with constraints
|
||||
function merge<T extends object, U extends object>(obj1: T, obj2: U): T & U {
|
||||
return { ...obj1, ...obj2 }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const merged = merge({ a: 1 }, { b: 2 }) // Type: { a: number } & { b: number }
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Conditional Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Basic conditional type
|
||||
type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false
|
||||
|
||||
type A = IsString<string> // true
|
||||
type B = IsString<number> // false
|
||||
|
||||
// Nested conditional types
|
||||
type TypeName<T> = T extends string
|
||||
? 'string'
|
||||
: T extends number
|
||||
? 'number'
|
||||
: T extends boolean
|
||||
? 'boolean'
|
||||
: T extends undefined
|
||||
? 'undefined'
|
||||
: T extends Function
|
||||
? 'function'
|
||||
: 'object'
|
||||
|
||||
type T1 = TypeName<string> // "string"
|
||||
type T2 = TypeName<number> // "number"
|
||||
type T3 = TypeName<() => void> // "function"
|
||||
|
||||
// Distributive conditional types
|
||||
type ToArray<T> = T extends any ? T[] : never
|
||||
|
||||
type StrArrOrNumArr = ToArray<string | number> // string[] | number[]
|
||||
|
||||
// infer keyword
|
||||
type Flatten<T> = T extends Array<infer U> ? U : T
|
||||
|
||||
type Str = Flatten<string[]> // string
|
||||
type Num = Flatten<number> // number
|
||||
|
||||
// Return type extraction
|
||||
type MyReturnType<T> = T extends (...args: any[]) => infer R ? R : never
|
||||
|
||||
function exampleFn(): string {
|
||||
return 'hello'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ExampleReturn = MyReturnType<typeof exampleFn> // string
|
||||
|
||||
// Parameters extraction
|
||||
type MyParameters<T> = T extends (...args: infer P) => any ? P : never
|
||||
|
||||
function createUser(name: string, age: number): User {
|
||||
return { id: '1', name, age }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type CreateUserParams = MyParameters<typeof createUser> // [string, number]
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Mapped Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Make all properties optional
|
||||
type MyPartial<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]?: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface Person {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PartialPerson = MyPartial<Person>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// name?: string
|
||||
// age?: number
|
||||
// email?: string
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// Make all properties required
|
||||
type MyRequired<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]-?: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Make all properties readonly
|
||||
type MyReadonly<T> = {
|
||||
readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Pick specific properties
|
||||
type MyPick<T, K extends keyof T> = {
|
||||
[P in K]: T[P]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserProfile = MyPick<User, 'id' | 'name'>
|
||||
// { id: string; name: string }
|
||||
|
||||
// Omit specific properties
|
||||
type MyOmit<T, K extends keyof T> = {
|
||||
[P in keyof T as P extends K ? never : P]: T[P]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserWithoutAge = MyOmit<User, 'age'>
|
||||
// { id: string; name: string }
|
||||
|
||||
// Transform property types
|
||||
type Nullable<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]: T[K] | null
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type NullablePerson = Nullable<Person>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// name: string | null
|
||||
// age: number | null
|
||||
// email: string | null
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Key Remapping
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Add prefix to keys
|
||||
type Getters<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PersonGetters = Getters<Person>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// getName: () => string
|
||||
// getAge: () => number
|
||||
// getEmail: () => string
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// Filter keys by type
|
||||
type PickByType<T, U> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as T[K] extends U ? K : never]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface Model {
|
||||
id: number
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
description: string
|
||||
price: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type StringFields = PickByType<Model, string>
|
||||
// { name: string; description: string }
|
||||
|
||||
// Remove specific key
|
||||
type RemoveKindField<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as Exclude<K, 'kind'>]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Template Literal Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Event name generation
|
||||
type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`
|
||||
|
||||
type ClickEvent = EventName<'click'> // "onClick"
|
||||
type SubmitEvent = EventName<'submit'> // "onSubmit"
|
||||
|
||||
// Combining literals
|
||||
type Color = 'red' | 'green' | 'blue'
|
||||
type Shade = 'light' | 'dark'
|
||||
type ColorShade = `${Shade}-${Color}`
|
||||
// "light-red" | "light-green" | "light-blue" | "dark-red" | "dark-green" | "dark-blue"
|
||||
|
||||
// CSS properties
|
||||
type CSSProperty = 'margin' | 'padding'
|
||||
type Side = 'top' | 'right' | 'bottom' | 'left'
|
||||
type CSSPropertyWithSide = `${CSSProperty}-${Side}`
|
||||
// "margin-top" | "margin-right" | ... | "padding-left"
|
||||
|
||||
// Route generation
|
||||
type HttpMethod = 'GET' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE'
|
||||
type Endpoint = '/users' | '/products' | '/orders'
|
||||
type ApiRoute = `${HttpMethod} ${Endpoint}`
|
||||
// "GET /users" | "POST /users" | ... | "DELETE /orders"
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Recursive Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// JSON value type
|
||||
type JSONValue = string | number | boolean | null | JSONObject | JSONArray
|
||||
|
||||
interface JSONObject {
|
||||
[key: string]: JSONValue
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface JSONArray extends Array<JSONValue> {}
|
||||
|
||||
// Tree structure
|
||||
interface TreeNode<T> {
|
||||
value: T
|
||||
children?: TreeNode<T>[]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const tree: TreeNode<number> = {
|
||||
value: 1,
|
||||
children: [
|
||||
{ value: 2, children: [{ value: 4 }, { value: 5 }] },
|
||||
{ value: 3, children: [{ value: 6 }] },
|
||||
],
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Deep readonly
|
||||
type DeepReadonly<T> = {
|
||||
readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends object ? DeepReadonly<T[K]> : T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface NestedConfig {
|
||||
api: {
|
||||
url: string
|
||||
timeout: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
features: {
|
||||
darkMode: boolean
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ImmutableConfig = DeepReadonly<NestedConfig>
|
||||
// All properties at all levels are readonly
|
||||
|
||||
// Deep partial
|
||||
type DeepPartial<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]?: T[K] extends object ? DeepPartial<T[K]> : T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Advanced Utility Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Exclude types from union
|
||||
type MyExclude<T, U> = T extends U ? never : T
|
||||
|
||||
type T4 = MyExclude<'a' | 'b' | 'c', 'a'> // "b" | "c"
|
||||
|
||||
// Extract types from union
|
||||
type MyExtract<T, U> = T extends U ? T : never
|
||||
|
||||
type T5 = MyExtract<'a' | 'b' | 'c', 'a' | 'f'> // "a"
|
||||
|
||||
// NonNullable
|
||||
type MyNonNullable<T> = T extends null | undefined ? never : T
|
||||
|
||||
type T6 = MyNonNullable<string | null | undefined> // string
|
||||
|
||||
// Record
|
||||
type MyRecord<K extends keyof any, T> = {
|
||||
[P in K]: T
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PageInfo = MyRecord<string, number>
|
||||
|
||||
// Awaited
|
||||
type MyAwaited<T> = T extends Promise<infer U> ? MyAwaited<U> : T
|
||||
|
||||
type T7 = MyAwaited<Promise<string>> // string
|
||||
type T8 = MyAwaited<Promise<Promise<number>>> // number
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Branded Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
type Brand<K, T> = K & { __brand: T }
|
||||
|
||||
type USD = Brand<number, 'USD'>
|
||||
type EUR = Brand<number, 'EUR'>
|
||||
type UserId = Brand<string, 'UserId'>
|
||||
type ProductId = Brand<string, 'ProductId'>
|
||||
|
||||
function makeUSD(amount: number): USD {
|
||||
return amount as USD
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function makeUserId(id: string): UserId {
|
||||
return id as UserId
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const usd = makeUSD(100)
|
||||
const userId = makeUserId('user-123')
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-safe operations
|
||||
function addMoney(a: USD, b: USD): USD {
|
||||
return (a + b) as USD
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Prevents mixing different branded types
|
||||
// const total = addMoney(usd, eur) // Error
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Union to Intersection
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
type UnionToIntersection<U> = (U extends any ? (k: U) => void : never) extends (
|
||||
k: infer I,
|
||||
) => void
|
||||
? I
|
||||
: never
|
||||
|
||||
type Union = { a: string } | { b: number }
|
||||
type Intersection = UnionToIntersection<Union>
|
||||
// { a: string } & { b: number }
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Advanced Generic Patterns
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Constraining multiple related types
|
||||
function merge<
|
||||
T extends Record<string, any>,
|
||||
U extends Record<string, any>,
|
||||
K extends keyof T & keyof U,
|
||||
>(obj1: T, obj2: U, conflictKeys: K[]): T & U {
|
||||
const result = { ...obj1, ...obj2 }
|
||||
conflictKeys.forEach((key) => {
|
||||
// Handle conflicts
|
||||
})
|
||||
return result as T & U
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Builder pattern with fluent API
|
||||
class QueryBuilder<T, Selected extends keyof T = never> {
|
||||
private selectFields: Set<keyof T> = new Set()
|
||||
|
||||
select<K extends keyof T>(
|
||||
...fields: K[]
|
||||
): QueryBuilder<T, Selected | K> {
|
||||
fields.forEach((field) => this.selectFields.add(field))
|
||||
return this as any
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
execute(): Pick<T, Selected> {
|
||||
// Execute query
|
||||
return {} as Pick<T, Selected>
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
interface Product {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
price: number
|
||||
description: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const result = new QueryBuilder<Product>()
|
||||
.select('id', 'name')
|
||||
.select('price')
|
||||
.execute()
|
||||
// Type: { id: string; name: string; price: number }
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Exports
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
export type {
|
||||
Box,
|
||||
HasLength,
|
||||
IsString,
|
||||
Flatten,
|
||||
MyPartial,
|
||||
MyRequired,
|
||||
MyReadonly,
|
||||
Nullable,
|
||||
DeepReadonly,
|
||||
DeepPartial,
|
||||
Brand,
|
||||
USD,
|
||||
EUR,
|
||||
UserId,
|
||||
ProductId,
|
||||
JSONValue,
|
||||
TreeNode,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export { Stack, identity, getProperty, merge, makeUSD, makeUserId }
|
||||
|
||||
555
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/react-patterns.ts
Normal file
555
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/react-patterns.ts
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* TypeScript React Patterns
|
||||
*
|
||||
* This file demonstrates type-safe React patterns including:
|
||||
* - Component props typing
|
||||
* - Hooks with TypeScript
|
||||
* - Context with type safety
|
||||
* - Generic components
|
||||
* - Event handlers
|
||||
* - Ref types
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
import { createContext, useContext, useEffect, useReducer, useRef, useState } from 'react'
|
||||
import type { ReactNode, InputHTMLAttributes, FormEvent, ChangeEvent } from 'react'
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Component Props Patterns
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Basic component with props
|
||||
interface ButtonProps {
|
||||
variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary' | 'tertiary'
|
||||
size?: 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg'
|
||||
disabled?: boolean
|
||||
onClick?: () => void
|
||||
children: ReactNode
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Button({
|
||||
variant = 'primary',
|
||||
size = 'md',
|
||||
disabled = false,
|
||||
onClick,
|
||||
children,
|
||||
}: ButtonProps) {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<button
|
||||
className={`btn-${variant} btn-${size}`}
|
||||
disabled={disabled}
|
||||
onClick={onClick}
|
||||
>
|
||||
{children}
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Props extending HTML attributes
|
||||
interface InputProps extends InputHTMLAttributes<HTMLInputElement> {
|
||||
label?: string
|
||||
error?: string
|
||||
helperText?: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Input({ label, error, helperText, ...inputProps }: InputProps) {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<div className="input-wrapper">
|
||||
{label && <label>{label}</label>}
|
||||
<input className={error ? 'input-error' : ''} {...inputProps} />
|
||||
{error && <span className="error">{error}</span>}
|
||||
{helperText && <span className="helper">{helperText}</span>}
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic component
|
||||
interface ListProps<T> {
|
||||
items: T[]
|
||||
renderItem: (item: T, index: number) => ReactNode
|
||||
keyExtractor: (item: T, index: number) => string
|
||||
emptyMessage?: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function List<T>({
|
||||
items,
|
||||
renderItem,
|
||||
keyExtractor,
|
||||
emptyMessage = 'No items',
|
||||
}: ListProps<T>) {
|
||||
if (items.length === 0) {
|
||||
return <div>{emptyMessage}</div>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
{items.map((item, index) => (
|
||||
<li key={keyExtractor(item, index)}>{renderItem(item, index)}</li>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Component with children render prop
|
||||
interface ContainerProps {
|
||||
isLoading: boolean
|
||||
error: Error | null
|
||||
children: (props: { retry: () => void }) => ReactNode
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Container({ isLoading, error, children }: ContainerProps) {
|
||||
const retry = () => {
|
||||
// Retry logic
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>
|
||||
if (error) return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>
|
||||
|
||||
return <>{children({ retry })}</>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Hooks Patterns
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// useState with explicit type
|
||||
function useCounter(initialValue: number = 0) {
|
||||
const [count, setCount] = useState<number>(initialValue)
|
||||
|
||||
const increment = () => setCount((c) => c + 1)
|
||||
const decrement = () => setCount((c) => c - 1)
|
||||
const reset = () => setCount(initialValue)
|
||||
|
||||
return { count, increment, decrement, reset }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// useState with union type
|
||||
type LoadingState = 'idle' | 'loading' | 'success' | 'error'
|
||||
|
||||
function useLoadingState() {
|
||||
const [state, setState] = useState<LoadingState>('idle')
|
||||
|
||||
const startLoading = () => setState('loading')
|
||||
const setSuccess = () => setState('success')
|
||||
const setError = () => setState('error')
|
||||
const reset = () => setState('idle')
|
||||
|
||||
return { state, startLoading, setSuccess, setError, reset }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Custom hook with options
|
||||
interface UseFetchOptions<T> {
|
||||
initialData?: T
|
||||
onSuccess?: (data: T) => void
|
||||
onError?: (error: Error) => void
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface UseFetchReturn<T> {
|
||||
data: T | undefined
|
||||
loading: boolean
|
||||
error: Error | null
|
||||
refetch: () => Promise<void>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function useFetch<T>(url: string, options?: UseFetchOptions<T>): UseFetchReturn<T> {
|
||||
const [data, setData] = useState<T | undefined>(options?.initialData)
|
||||
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
|
||||
const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
|
||||
|
||||
const fetchData = async () => {
|
||||
setLoading(true)
|
||||
setError(null)
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = await fetch(url)
|
||||
if (!response.ok) {
|
||||
throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`)
|
||||
}
|
||||
const json = await response.json()
|
||||
setData(json)
|
||||
options?.onSuccess?.(json)
|
||||
} catch (err) {
|
||||
const error = err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err))
|
||||
setError(error)
|
||||
options?.onError?.(error)
|
||||
} finally {
|
||||
setLoading(false)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
useEffect(() => {
|
||||
fetchData()
|
||||
}, [url])
|
||||
|
||||
return { data, loading, error, refetch: fetchData }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// useReducer with discriminated unions
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type FetchState<T> =
|
||||
| { status: 'idle' }
|
||||
| { status: 'loading' }
|
||||
| { status: 'success'; data: T }
|
||||
| { status: 'error'; error: Error }
|
||||
|
||||
type FetchAction<T> =
|
||||
| { type: 'FETCH_START' }
|
||||
| { type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS'; payload: T }
|
||||
| { type: 'FETCH_ERROR'; error: Error }
|
||||
| { type: 'RESET' }
|
||||
|
||||
function fetchReducer<T>(state: FetchState<T>, action: FetchAction<T>): FetchState<T> {
|
||||
switch (action.type) {
|
||||
case 'FETCH_START':
|
||||
return { status: 'loading' }
|
||||
case 'FETCH_SUCCESS':
|
||||
return { status: 'success', data: action.payload }
|
||||
case 'FETCH_ERROR':
|
||||
return { status: 'error', error: action.error }
|
||||
case 'RESET':
|
||||
return { status: 'idle' }
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function useFetchWithReducer<T>(url: string) {
|
||||
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(fetchReducer<T>, { status: 'idle' })
|
||||
|
||||
useEffect(() => {
|
||||
let isCancelled = false
|
||||
|
||||
const fetchData = async () => {
|
||||
dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_START' })
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = await fetch(url)
|
||||
const data = await response.json()
|
||||
|
||||
if (!isCancelled) {
|
||||
dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS', payload: data })
|
||||
}
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
if (!isCancelled) {
|
||||
dispatch({
|
||||
type: 'FETCH_ERROR',
|
||||
error: error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
|
||||
})
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fetchData()
|
||||
|
||||
return () => {
|
||||
isCancelled = true
|
||||
}
|
||||
}, [url])
|
||||
|
||||
return state
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Context Patterns
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-safe context
|
||||
interface AuthContextType {
|
||||
user: User | null
|
||||
isAuthenticated: boolean
|
||||
login: (email: string, password: string) => Promise<void>
|
||||
logout: () => void
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const AuthContext = createContext<AuthContextType | undefined>(undefined)
|
||||
|
||||
export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
|
||||
const [user, setUser] = useState<User | null>(null)
|
||||
|
||||
const login = async (email: string, password: string) => {
|
||||
// Login logic
|
||||
const userData = await fetch('/api/login', {
|
||||
method: 'POST',
|
||||
body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),
|
||||
}).then((r) => r.json())
|
||||
|
||||
setUser(userData)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const logout = () => {
|
||||
setUser(null)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const value: AuthContextType = {
|
||||
user,
|
||||
isAuthenticated: user !== null,
|
||||
login,
|
||||
logout,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return <AuthContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AuthContext.Provider>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Custom hook with error handling
|
||||
export function useAuth(): AuthContextType {
|
||||
const context = useContext(AuthContext)
|
||||
|
||||
if (context === undefined) {
|
||||
throw new Error('useAuth must be used within AuthProvider')
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return context
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Event Handler Patterns
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
interface FormData {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
message: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function ContactForm() {
|
||||
const [formData, setFormData] = useState<FormData>({
|
||||
name: '',
|
||||
email: '',
|
||||
message: '',
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-safe change handler
|
||||
const handleChange = (e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement | HTMLTextAreaElement>) => {
|
||||
const { name, value } = e.target
|
||||
setFormData((prev) => ({
|
||||
...prev,
|
||||
[name]: value,
|
||||
}))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-safe submit handler
|
||||
const handleSubmit = (e: FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
|
||||
e.preventDefault()
|
||||
console.log('Submitting:', formData)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Specific field handler
|
||||
const handleNameChange = (e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
|
||||
setFormData((prev) => ({ ...prev, name: e.target.value }))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
|
||||
<input
|
||||
name="name"
|
||||
value={formData.name}
|
||||
onChange={handleChange}
|
||||
placeholder="Name"
|
||||
/>
|
||||
<input
|
||||
name="email"
|
||||
value={formData.email}
|
||||
onChange={handleChange}
|
||||
placeholder="Email"
|
||||
/>
|
||||
<textarea
|
||||
name="message"
|
||||
value={formData.message}
|
||||
onChange={handleChange}
|
||||
placeholder="Message"
|
||||
/>
|
||||
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Ref Patterns
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
function FocusInput() {
|
||||
// useRef with DOM element
|
||||
const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
|
||||
|
||||
const focusInput = () => {
|
||||
inputRef.current?.focus()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<input ref={inputRef} />
|
||||
<button onClick={focusInput}>Focus Input</button>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function Timer() {
|
||||
// useRef for mutable value
|
||||
const countRef = useRef<number>(0)
|
||||
const intervalRef = useRef<NodeJS.Timeout | null>(null)
|
||||
|
||||
const startTimer = () => {
|
||||
intervalRef.current = setInterval(() => {
|
||||
countRef.current += 1
|
||||
console.log(countRef.current)
|
||||
}, 1000)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const stopTimer = () => {
|
||||
if (intervalRef.current) {
|
||||
clearInterval(intervalRef.current)
|
||||
intervalRef.current = null
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<button onClick={startTimer}>Start</button>
|
||||
<button onClick={stopTimer}>Stop</button>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Generic Component Patterns
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Select component with generic options
|
||||
interface SelectProps<T> {
|
||||
options: T[]
|
||||
value: T
|
||||
onChange: (value: T) => void
|
||||
getLabel: (option: T) => string
|
||||
getValue: (option: T) => string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Select<T>({
|
||||
options,
|
||||
value,
|
||||
onChange,
|
||||
getLabel,
|
||||
getValue,
|
||||
}: SelectProps<T>) {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<select
|
||||
value={getValue(value)}
|
||||
onChange={(e) => {
|
||||
const selectedValue = e.target.value
|
||||
const option = options.find((opt) => getValue(opt) === selectedValue)
|
||||
if (option) {
|
||||
onChange(option)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}}
|
||||
>
|
||||
{options.map((option) => (
|
||||
<option key={getValue(option)} value={getValue(option)}>
|
||||
{getLabel(option)}
|
||||
</option>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</select>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Data table component
|
||||
interface Column<T> {
|
||||
key: keyof T
|
||||
header: string
|
||||
render?: (value: T[keyof T], row: T) => ReactNode
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface TableProps<T> {
|
||||
data: T[]
|
||||
columns: Column<T>[]
|
||||
keyExtractor: (row: T) => string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Table<T>({ data, columns, keyExtractor }: TableProps<T>) {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
{columns.map((col) => (
|
||||
<th key={String(col.key)}>{col.header}</th>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
{data.map((row) => (
|
||||
<tr key={keyExtractor(row)}>
|
||||
{columns.map((col) => (
|
||||
<td key={String(col.key)}>
|
||||
{col.render ? col.render(row[col.key], row) : String(row[col.key])}
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Higher-Order Component Pattern
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
interface WithLoadingProps {
|
||||
isLoading: boolean
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function withLoading<P extends object>(
|
||||
Component: React.ComponentType<P>,
|
||||
): React.FC<P & WithLoadingProps> {
|
||||
return ({ isLoading, ...props }: WithLoadingProps & P) => {
|
||||
if (isLoading) {
|
||||
return <div>Loading...</div>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return <Component {...(props as P)} />
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
interface UserListProps {
|
||||
users: User[]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const UserList: React.FC<UserListProps> = ({ users }) => (
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
{users.map((user) => (
|
||||
<li key={user.id}>{user.name}</li>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
const UserListWithLoading = withLoading(UserList)
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Exports
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
export {
|
||||
useCounter,
|
||||
useLoadingState,
|
||||
useFetch,
|
||||
useFetchWithReducer,
|
||||
ContactForm,
|
||||
FocusInput,
|
||||
Timer,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export type {
|
||||
ButtonProps,
|
||||
InputProps,
|
||||
ListProps,
|
||||
UseFetchOptions,
|
||||
UseFetchReturn,
|
||||
FetchState,
|
||||
FetchAction,
|
||||
AuthContextType,
|
||||
SelectProps,
|
||||
Column,
|
||||
TableProps,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
361
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/type-system-basics.ts
Normal file
361
.claude/skills/typescript/examples/type-system-basics.ts
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* TypeScript Type System Basics
|
||||
*
|
||||
* This file demonstrates fundamental TypeScript concepts including:
|
||||
* - Primitive types
|
||||
* - Object types (interfaces, type aliases)
|
||||
* - Union and intersection types
|
||||
* - Type inference and narrowing
|
||||
* - Function types
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Primitive Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
const message: string = 'Hello, TypeScript!'
|
||||
const count: number = 42
|
||||
const isActive: boolean = true
|
||||
const nothing: null = null
|
||||
const notDefined: undefined = undefined
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Object Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Interface definition
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
age?: number // Optional property
|
||||
readonly createdAt: Date // Readonly property
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Type alias definition
|
||||
type Product = {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
price: number
|
||||
category: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Creating objects
|
||||
const user: User = {
|
||||
id: '1',
|
||||
name: 'Alice',
|
||||
email: 'alice@example.com',
|
||||
createdAt: new Date(),
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const product: Product = {
|
||||
id: 'p1',
|
||||
name: 'Laptop',
|
||||
price: 999,
|
||||
category: 'electronics',
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Union Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
type Status = 'idle' | 'loading' | 'success' | 'error'
|
||||
type ID = string | number
|
||||
|
||||
function formatId(id: ID): string {
|
||||
if (typeof id === 'string') {
|
||||
return id.toUpperCase()
|
||||
}
|
||||
return id.toString()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Discriminated unions
|
||||
type ApiResponse =
|
||||
| { success: true; data: User }
|
||||
| { success: false; error: string }
|
||||
|
||||
function handleResponse(response: ApiResponse) {
|
||||
if (response.success) {
|
||||
// TypeScript knows response.data exists here
|
||||
console.log(response.data.name)
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
// TypeScript knows response.error exists here
|
||||
console.error(response.error)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Intersection Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
type Timestamped = {
|
||||
createdAt: Date
|
||||
updatedAt: Date
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type TimestampedUser = User & Timestamped
|
||||
|
||||
const timestampedUser: TimestampedUser = {
|
||||
id: '1',
|
||||
name: 'Bob',
|
||||
email: 'bob@example.com',
|
||||
createdAt: new Date(),
|
||||
updatedAt: new Date(),
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Array Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
const numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
|
||||
const strings: Array<string> = ['a', 'b', 'c']
|
||||
const users: User[] = [user, timestampedUser]
|
||||
|
||||
// Readonly arrays
|
||||
const immutableNumbers: readonly number[] = [1, 2, 3]
|
||||
// immutableNumbers.push(4) // Error: push does not exist on readonly array
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Tuple Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
type Point = [number, number]
|
||||
type NamedPoint = [x: number, y: number, z?: number]
|
||||
|
||||
const point: Point = [10, 20]
|
||||
const namedPoint: NamedPoint = [10, 20, 30]
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Function Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Function declaration
|
||||
function add(a: number, b: number): number {
|
||||
return a + b
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrow function
|
||||
const subtract = (a: number, b: number): number => a - b
|
||||
|
||||
// Function type alias
|
||||
type MathOperation = (a: number, b: number) => number
|
||||
|
||||
const multiply: MathOperation = (a, b) => a * b
|
||||
|
||||
// Optional parameters
|
||||
function greet(name: string, greeting?: string): string {
|
||||
return `${greeting ?? 'Hello'}, ${name}!`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Default parameters
|
||||
function createUser(name: string, role: string = 'user'): User {
|
||||
return {
|
||||
id: Math.random().toString(),
|
||||
name,
|
||||
email: `${name.toLowerCase()}@example.com`,
|
||||
createdAt: new Date(),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Rest parameters
|
||||
function sum(...numbers: number[]): number {
|
||||
return numbers.reduce((acc, n) => acc + n, 0)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Type Inference
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Type is inferred as string
|
||||
let inferredString = 'hello'
|
||||
|
||||
// Type is inferred as number
|
||||
let inferredNumber = 42
|
||||
|
||||
// Type is inferred as { name: string; age: number }
|
||||
let inferredObject = {
|
||||
name: 'Alice',
|
||||
age: 30,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Return type is inferred as number
|
||||
function inferredReturn(a: number, b: number) {
|
||||
return a + b
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Type Narrowing
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// typeof guard
|
||||
function processValue(value: string | number) {
|
||||
if (typeof value === 'string') {
|
||||
// value is string here
|
||||
return value.toUpperCase()
|
||||
}
|
||||
// value is number here
|
||||
return value.toFixed(2)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Truthiness narrowing
|
||||
function printName(name: string | null | undefined) {
|
||||
if (name) {
|
||||
// name is string here
|
||||
console.log(name.toUpperCase())
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Equality narrowing
|
||||
function example(x: string | number, y: string | boolean) {
|
||||
if (x === y) {
|
||||
// x and y are both string here
|
||||
console.log(x.toUpperCase(), y.toLowerCase())
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// in operator narrowing
|
||||
type Fish = { swim: () => void }
|
||||
type Bird = { fly: () => void }
|
||||
|
||||
function move(animal: Fish | Bird) {
|
||||
if ('swim' in animal) {
|
||||
// animal is Fish here
|
||||
animal.swim()
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
// animal is Bird here
|
||||
animal.fly()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// instanceof narrowing
|
||||
function processError(error: Error | string) {
|
||||
if (error instanceof Error) {
|
||||
// error is Error here
|
||||
console.error(error.message)
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
// error is string here
|
||||
console.error(error)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Type Predicates (Custom Type Guards)
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
typeof value === 'object' &&
|
||||
value !== null &&
|
||||
'id' in value &&
|
||||
'name' in value &&
|
||||
'email' in value
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function processData(data: unknown) {
|
||||
if (isUser(data)) {
|
||||
// data is User here
|
||||
console.log(data.name)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Const Assertions
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Without const assertion
|
||||
const mutableConfig = {
|
||||
host: 'localhost',
|
||||
port: 8080,
|
||||
}
|
||||
// mutableConfig.host = 'example.com' // OK
|
||||
|
||||
// With const assertion
|
||||
const immutableConfig = {
|
||||
host: 'localhost',
|
||||
port: 8080,
|
||||
} as const
|
||||
// immutableConfig.host = 'example.com' // Error: cannot assign to readonly property
|
||||
|
||||
// Array with const assertion
|
||||
const directions = ['north', 'south', 'east', 'west'] as const
|
||||
// Type: readonly ["north", "south", "east", "west"]
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Literal Types
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
type Direction = 'north' | 'south' | 'east' | 'west'
|
||||
type HttpMethod = 'GET' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE'
|
||||
type DiceValue = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
|
||||
|
||||
function move(direction: Direction, steps: number) {
|
||||
console.log(`Moving ${direction} by ${steps} steps`)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
move('north', 10) // OK
|
||||
// move('up', 10) // Error: "up" is not assignable to Direction
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Index Signatures
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
interface StringMap {
|
||||
[key: string]: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const translations: StringMap = {
|
||||
hello: 'Hola',
|
||||
goodbye: 'Adiós',
|
||||
thanks: 'Gracias',
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Utility Functions
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-safe object keys
|
||||
function getObjectKeys<T extends object>(obj: T): Array<keyof T> {
|
||||
return Object.keys(obj) as Array<keyof T>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-safe property access
|
||||
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
|
||||
return obj[key]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const userName = getProperty(user, 'name') // Type: string
|
||||
const userAge = getProperty(user, 'age') // Type: number | undefined
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Named Return Values (Go-style)
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
function parseJSON(json: string): { data: unknown | null; err: Error | null } {
|
||||
let data: unknown | null = null
|
||||
let err: Error | null = null
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
data = JSON.parse(json)
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return { data, err }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
const { data, err } = parseJSON('{"name": "Alice"}')
|
||||
if (err) {
|
||||
console.error('Failed to parse JSON:', err.message)
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
console.log('Parsed data:', data)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
// Exports
|
||||
// ============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
export type { User, Product, Status, ID, ApiResponse, TimestampedUser }
|
||||
export { formatId, handleResponse, processValue, isUser, getProperty, parseJSON }
|
||||
|
||||
395
.claude/skills/typescript/quick-reference.md
Normal file
395
.claude/skills/typescript/quick-reference.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
|
||||
# TypeScript Quick Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Quick lookup guide for common TypeScript patterns and syntax.
|
||||
|
||||
## Basic Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Primitives
|
||||
string, number, boolean, null, undefined, symbol, bigint
|
||||
|
||||
// Special types
|
||||
any // Avoid - disables type checking
|
||||
unknown // Type-safe alternative to any
|
||||
void // No return value
|
||||
never // Never returns
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrays
|
||||
number[]
|
||||
Array<string>
|
||||
readonly number[]
|
||||
|
||||
// Tuples
|
||||
[string, number]
|
||||
[x: number, y: number]
|
||||
|
||||
// Objects
|
||||
{ name: string; age: number }
|
||||
Record<string, number>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Type Declarations
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Interface
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age?: number // Optional
|
||||
readonly createdAt: Date // Readonly
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Type alias
|
||||
type Status = 'idle' | 'loading' | 'success' | 'error'
|
||||
type ID = string | number
|
||||
type Point = { x: number; y: number }
|
||||
|
||||
// Function type
|
||||
type Callback = (data: string) => void
|
||||
type MathOp = (a: number, b: number) => number
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Union & Intersection
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Union (OR)
|
||||
string | number
|
||||
type Result = Success | Error
|
||||
|
||||
// Intersection (AND)
|
||||
A & B
|
||||
type Combined = User & Timestamped
|
||||
|
||||
// Discriminated union
|
||||
type State =
|
||||
| { status: 'idle' }
|
||||
| { status: 'loading' }
|
||||
| { status: 'success'; data: Data }
|
||||
| { status: 'error'; error: Error }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Generics
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Generic function
|
||||
function identity<T>(value: T): T
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic interface
|
||||
interface Box<T> { value: T }
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic with constraint
|
||||
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K]
|
||||
|
||||
// Multiple type parameters
|
||||
function merge<T, U>(a: T, b: U): T & U
|
||||
|
||||
// Default type parameter
|
||||
interface Response<T = unknown> { data: T }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Utility Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
Partial<T> // Make all optional
|
||||
Required<T> // Make all required
|
||||
Readonly<T> // Make all readonly
|
||||
Pick<T, K> // Select properties
|
||||
Omit<T, K> // Exclude properties
|
||||
Record<K, T> // Object with specific keys
|
||||
Exclude<T, U> // Remove from union
|
||||
Extract<T, U> // Extract from union
|
||||
NonNullable<T> // Remove null/undefined
|
||||
ReturnType<T> // Get function return type
|
||||
Parameters<T> // Get function parameters
|
||||
Awaited<T> // Unwrap Promise
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Type Guards
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// typeof
|
||||
if (typeof value === 'string') { }
|
||||
|
||||
// instanceof
|
||||
if (error instanceof Error) { }
|
||||
|
||||
// in operator
|
||||
if ('property' in object) { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Custom type guard
|
||||
function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
|
||||
return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && 'id' in value
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Assertion function
|
||||
function assertIsString(value: unknown): asserts value is string {
|
||||
if (typeof value !== 'string') throw new Error()
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Advanced Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Conditional types
|
||||
type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false
|
||||
|
||||
// Mapped types
|
||||
type Nullable<T> = { [K in keyof T]: T[K] | null }
|
||||
|
||||
// Template literal types
|
||||
type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`
|
||||
|
||||
// Key remapping
|
||||
type Getters<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// infer keyword
|
||||
type Flatten<T> = T extends Array<infer U> ? U : T
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Functions
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Function declaration
|
||||
function add(a: number, b: number): number { return a + b }
|
||||
|
||||
// Arrow function
|
||||
const subtract = (a: number, b: number): number => a - b
|
||||
|
||||
// Optional parameters
|
||||
function greet(name: string, greeting?: string): string { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Default parameters
|
||||
function create(name: string, role = 'user'): User { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Rest parameters
|
||||
function sum(...numbers: number[]): number { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Overloads
|
||||
function format(value: string): string
|
||||
function format(value: number): string
|
||||
function format(value: string | number): string { }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Classes
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
class User {
|
||||
// Properties
|
||||
private id: string
|
||||
public name: string
|
||||
protected age: number
|
||||
readonly createdAt: Date
|
||||
|
||||
// Constructor
|
||||
constructor(name: string) {
|
||||
this.name = name
|
||||
this.createdAt = new Date()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Methods
|
||||
greet(): string {
|
||||
return `Hello, ${this.name}`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Static
|
||||
static create(name: string): User {
|
||||
return new User(name)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Getters/Setters
|
||||
get displayName(): string {
|
||||
return this.name.toUpperCase()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Inheritance
|
||||
class Admin extends User {
|
||||
constructor(name: string, public permissions: string[]) {
|
||||
super(name)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Abstract class
|
||||
abstract class Animal {
|
||||
abstract makeSound(): void
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## React Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Component props
|
||||
interface ButtonProps {
|
||||
variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary'
|
||||
onClick?: () => void
|
||||
children: React.ReactNode
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Button({ variant = 'primary', onClick, children }: ButtonProps) { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic component
|
||||
interface ListProps<T> {
|
||||
items: T[]
|
||||
renderItem: (item: T) => React.ReactNode
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function List<T>({ items, renderItem }: ListProps<T>) { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Hooks
|
||||
const [state, setState] = useState<string>('')
|
||||
const [data, setData] = useState<User | null>(null)
|
||||
|
||||
// Context
|
||||
interface AuthContextType {
|
||||
user: User | null
|
||||
login: () => Promise<void>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const AuthContext = createContext<AuthContextType | undefined>(undefined)
|
||||
|
||||
export function useAuth(): AuthContextType {
|
||||
const context = useContext(AuthContext)
|
||||
if (!context) throw new Error('useAuth must be used within AuthProvider')
|
||||
return context
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Common Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### Result Type
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Result<T, E = Error> =
|
||||
| { success: true; data: T }
|
||||
| { success: false; error: E }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Option Type
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Option<T> = Some<T> | None
|
||||
interface Some<T> { _tag: 'Some'; value: T }
|
||||
interface None { _tag: 'None' }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Branded Types
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Brand<K, T> = K & { __brand: T }
|
||||
type UserId = Brand<string, 'UserId'>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Named Returns (Go-style)
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function parseJSON(json: string): { data: unknown | null; err: Error | null } {
|
||||
let data: unknown | null = null
|
||||
let err: Error | null = null
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
data = JSON.parse(json)
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return { data, err }
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Type Assertions
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// as syntax (preferred)
|
||||
const value = input as string
|
||||
|
||||
// Angle bracket syntax (not in JSX)
|
||||
const value = <string>input
|
||||
|
||||
// as const
|
||||
const config = { host: 'localhost' } as const
|
||||
|
||||
// Non-null assertion (use sparingly)
|
||||
const element = document.getElementById('app')!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Type Narrowing
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Control flow
|
||||
if (value !== null) {
|
||||
// value is non-null here
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Switch with discriminated unions
|
||||
switch (state.status) {
|
||||
case 'success':
|
||||
console.log(state.data) // TypeScript knows data exists
|
||||
break
|
||||
case 'error':
|
||||
console.log(state.error) // TypeScript knows error exists
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Optional chaining
|
||||
user?.profile?.name
|
||||
|
||||
// Nullish coalescing
|
||||
const name = user?.name ?? 'Anonymous'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Module Syntax
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Named exports
|
||||
export function helper() { }
|
||||
export const CONFIG = { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Default export
|
||||
export default class App { }
|
||||
|
||||
// Type-only imports/exports
|
||||
import type { User } from './types'
|
||||
export type { User }
|
||||
|
||||
// Namespace imports
|
||||
import * as utils from './utils'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## TSConfig Essentials
|
||||
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"compilerOptions": {
|
||||
"strict": true,
|
||||
"target": "ES2022",
|
||||
"module": "ESNext",
|
||||
"moduleResolution": "bundler",
|
||||
"jsx": "react-jsx",
|
||||
"esModuleInterop": true,
|
||||
"skipLibCheck": true,
|
||||
"resolveJsonModule": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Common Errors & Fixes
|
||||
|
||||
| Error | Fix |
|
||||
|-------|-----|
|
||||
| Type 'X' is not assignable to type 'Y' | Check type compatibility, use type assertion if needed |
|
||||
| Object is possibly 'null' | Use optional chaining `?.` or null check |
|
||||
| Cannot find module | Install `@types/package-name` |
|
||||
| Implicit any | Add type annotation or enable strict mode |
|
||||
| Property does not exist | Check object shape, use type guard |
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
1. Enable `strict` mode in tsconfig.json
|
||||
2. Avoid `any`, use `unknown` instead
|
||||
3. Use discriminated unions for state
|
||||
4. Leverage type inference
|
||||
5. Use `const` assertions for immutable data
|
||||
6. Create custom type guards for runtime safety
|
||||
7. Use utility types instead of recreating
|
||||
8. Document complex types with JSDoc
|
||||
9. Prefer interfaces for objects, types for unions
|
||||
10. Use branded types for domain-specific primitives
|
||||
|
||||
756
.claude/skills/typescript/references/common-patterns.md
Normal file
756
.claude/skills/typescript/references/common-patterns.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,756 @@
|
||||
# TypeScript Common Patterns Reference
|
||||
|
||||
This document contains commonly used TypeScript patterns and idioms from real-world applications.
|
||||
|
||||
## React Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### Component Props
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Basic props with children
|
||||
interface ButtonProps {
|
||||
variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary' | 'tertiary'
|
||||
size?: 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg'
|
||||
disabled?: boolean
|
||||
onClick?: () => void
|
||||
children: React.ReactNode
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Button({
|
||||
variant = 'primary',
|
||||
size = 'md',
|
||||
disabled = false,
|
||||
onClick,
|
||||
children,
|
||||
}: ButtonProps) {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<button className={`btn-${variant} btn-${size}`} disabled={disabled} onClick={onClick}>
|
||||
{children}
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Props extending HTML attributes
|
||||
interface InputProps extends React.InputHTMLAttributes<HTMLInputElement> {
|
||||
label?: string
|
||||
error?: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function Input({ label, error, ...inputProps }: InputProps) {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
{label && <label>{label}</label>}
|
||||
<input {...inputProps} />
|
||||
{error && <span>{error}</span>}
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic component props
|
||||
interface ListProps<T> {
|
||||
items: T[]
|
||||
renderItem: (item: T) => React.ReactNode
|
||||
keyExtractor: (item: T) => string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
export function List<T>({ items, renderItem, keyExtractor }: ListProps<T>) {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
{items.map((item) => (
|
||||
<li key={keyExtractor(item)}>{renderItem(item)}</li>
|
||||
))}
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Hooks
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Custom hook with return type
|
||||
function useLocalStorage<T>(key: string, initialValue: T): [T, (value: T) => void] {
|
||||
const [storedValue, setStoredValue] = useState<T>(() => {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const item = window.localStorage.getItem(key)
|
||||
return item ? JSON.parse(item) : initialValue
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
return initialValue
|
||||
}
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
const setValue = (value: T) => {
|
||||
setStoredValue(value)
|
||||
window.localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(value))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return [storedValue, setValue]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Hook with options object
|
||||
interface UseFetchOptions<T> {
|
||||
initialData?: T
|
||||
onSuccess?: (data: T) => void
|
||||
onError?: (error: Error) => void
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function useFetch<T>(url: string, options?: UseFetchOptions<T>) {
|
||||
const [data, setData] = useState<T | undefined>(options?.initialData)
|
||||
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)
|
||||
const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null)
|
||||
|
||||
useEffect(() => {
|
||||
let isCancelled = false
|
||||
|
||||
const fetchData = async () => {
|
||||
setLoading(true)
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = await fetch(url)
|
||||
const json = await response.json()
|
||||
if (!isCancelled) {
|
||||
setData(json)
|
||||
options?.onSuccess?.(json)
|
||||
}
|
||||
} catch (err) {
|
||||
if (!isCancelled) {
|
||||
const error = err instanceof Error ? err : new Error(String(err))
|
||||
setError(error)
|
||||
options?.onError?.(error)
|
||||
}
|
||||
} finally {
|
||||
if (!isCancelled) {
|
||||
setLoading(false)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fetchData()
|
||||
|
||||
return () => {
|
||||
isCancelled = true
|
||||
}
|
||||
}, [url])
|
||||
|
||||
return { data, loading, error }
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Context
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Type-safe context
|
||||
interface AuthContextType {
|
||||
user: User | null
|
||||
login: (email: string, password: string) => Promise<void>
|
||||
logout: () => void
|
||||
isAuthenticated: boolean
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const AuthContext = createContext<AuthContextType | undefined>(undefined)
|
||||
|
||||
export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
|
||||
const [user, setUser] = useState<User | null>(null)
|
||||
|
||||
const login = async (email: string, password: string) => {
|
||||
// Login logic
|
||||
const user = await api.login(email, password)
|
||||
setUser(user)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const logout = () => {
|
||||
setUser(null)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const value: AuthContextType = {
|
||||
user,
|
||||
login,
|
||||
logout,
|
||||
isAuthenticated: user !== null,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return <AuthContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</AuthContext.Provider>
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Custom hook with proper error handling
|
||||
export function useAuth(): AuthContextType {
|
||||
const context = useContext(AuthContext)
|
||||
if (context === undefined) {
|
||||
throw new Error('useAuth must be used within AuthProvider')
|
||||
}
|
||||
return context
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## API Response Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### Result Type Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Discriminated union for API responses
|
||||
type Result<T, E = Error> =
|
||||
| { success: true; data: T }
|
||||
| { success: false; error: E }
|
||||
|
||||
// Helper functions
|
||||
function success<T>(data: T): Result<T> {
|
||||
return { success: true, data }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function failure<E = Error>(error: E): Result<never, E> {
|
||||
return { success: false, error }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
async function fetchUser(id: string): Promise<Result<User>> {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`)
|
||||
if (!response.ok) {
|
||||
return failure(new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`))
|
||||
}
|
||||
const data = await response.json()
|
||||
return success(data)
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
return failure(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Consuming the result
|
||||
const result = await fetchUser('123')
|
||||
if (result.success) {
|
||||
console.log(result.data.name) // Type-safe access
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
console.error(result.error.message) // Type-safe error handling
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Option Type Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Option/Maybe type for nullable values
|
||||
type Option<T> = Some<T> | None
|
||||
|
||||
interface Some<T> {
|
||||
readonly _tag: 'Some'
|
||||
readonly value: T
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface None {
|
||||
readonly _tag: 'None'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Constructors
|
||||
function some<T>(value: T): Option<T> {
|
||||
return { _tag: 'Some', value }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function none(): Option<never> {
|
||||
return { _tag: 'None' }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Helper functions
|
||||
function isSome<T>(option: Option<T>): option is Some<T> {
|
||||
return option._tag === 'Some'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function isNone<T>(option: Option<T>): option is None {
|
||||
return option._tag === 'None'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function map<T, U>(option: Option<T>, fn: (value: T) => U): Option<U> {
|
||||
return isSome(option) ? some(fn(option.value)) : none()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function getOrElse<T>(option: Option<T>, defaultValue: T): T {
|
||||
return isSome(option) ? option.value : defaultValue
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
function findUser(id: string): Option<User> {
|
||||
const user = users.find((u) => u.id === id)
|
||||
return user ? some(user) : none()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const user = findUser('123')
|
||||
const userName = getOrElse(map(user, (u) => u.name), 'Unknown')
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## State Management Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### Discriminated Union for State
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// State machine using discriminated unions
|
||||
type FetchState<T> =
|
||||
| { status: 'idle' }
|
||||
| { status: 'loading' }
|
||||
| { status: 'success'; data: T }
|
||||
| { status: 'error'; error: Error }
|
||||
|
||||
// Reducer pattern
|
||||
type FetchAction<T> =
|
||||
| { type: 'FETCH_START' }
|
||||
| { type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS'; payload: T }
|
||||
| { type: 'FETCH_ERROR'; error: Error }
|
||||
| { type: 'RESET' }
|
||||
|
||||
function fetchReducer<T>(state: FetchState<T>, action: FetchAction<T>): FetchState<T> {
|
||||
switch (action.type) {
|
||||
case 'FETCH_START':
|
||||
return { status: 'loading' }
|
||||
case 'FETCH_SUCCESS':
|
||||
return { status: 'success', data: action.payload }
|
||||
case 'FETCH_ERROR':
|
||||
return { status: 'error', error: action.error }
|
||||
case 'RESET':
|
||||
return { status: 'idle' }
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage in component
|
||||
function UserProfile({ userId }: { userId: string }) {
|
||||
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(fetchReducer<User>, { status: 'idle' })
|
||||
|
||||
useEffect(() => {
|
||||
dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_START' })
|
||||
fetchUser(userId)
|
||||
.then((user) => dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_SUCCESS', payload: user }))
|
||||
.catch((error) => dispatch({ type: 'FETCH_ERROR', error }))
|
||||
}, [userId])
|
||||
|
||||
switch (state.status) {
|
||||
case 'idle':
|
||||
return <div>Ready to load</div>
|
||||
case 'loading':
|
||||
return <div>Loading...</div>
|
||||
case 'success':
|
||||
return <div>{state.data.name}</div>
|
||||
case 'error':
|
||||
return <div>Error: {state.error.message}</div>
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Store Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Type-safe store implementation
|
||||
interface Store<T> {
|
||||
getState: () => T
|
||||
setState: (partial: Partial<T>) => void
|
||||
subscribe: (listener: (state: T) => void) => () => void
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function createStore<T>(initialState: T): Store<T> {
|
||||
let state = initialState
|
||||
const listeners = new Set<(state: T) => void>()
|
||||
|
||||
return {
|
||||
getState: () => state,
|
||||
setState: (partial) => {
|
||||
state = { ...state, ...partial }
|
||||
listeners.forEach((listener) => listener(state))
|
||||
},
|
||||
subscribe: (listener) => {
|
||||
listeners.add(listener)
|
||||
return () => listeners.delete(listener)
|
||||
},
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
interface AppState {
|
||||
user: User | null
|
||||
theme: 'light' | 'dark'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const store = createStore<AppState>({
|
||||
user: null,
|
||||
theme: 'light',
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
// React hook integration
|
||||
function useStore<T, U>(store: Store<T>, selector: (state: T) => U): U {
|
||||
const [value, setValue] = useState(() => selector(store.getState()))
|
||||
|
||||
useEffect(() => {
|
||||
const unsubscribe = store.subscribe((state) => {
|
||||
setValue(selector(state))
|
||||
})
|
||||
return unsubscribe
|
||||
}, [store, selector])
|
||||
|
||||
return value
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage in component
|
||||
function ThemeToggle() {
|
||||
const theme = useStore(store, (state) => state.theme)
|
||||
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<button
|
||||
onClick={() => store.setState({ theme: theme === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light' })}
|
||||
>
|
||||
Toggle Theme
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Form Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### Form State Management
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Generic form state
|
||||
interface FormState<T> {
|
||||
values: T
|
||||
errors: Partial<Record<keyof T, string>>
|
||||
touched: Partial<Record<keyof T, boolean>>
|
||||
isSubmitting: boolean
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Form hook
|
||||
function useForm<T extends Record<string, any>>(
|
||||
initialValues: T,
|
||||
validate: (values: T) => Partial<Record<keyof T, string>>,
|
||||
) {
|
||||
const [state, setState] = useState<FormState<T>>({
|
||||
values: initialValues,
|
||||
errors: {},
|
||||
touched: {},
|
||||
isSubmitting: false,
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
const handleChange = <K extends keyof T>(field: K, value: T[K]) => {
|
||||
setState((prev) => ({
|
||||
...prev,
|
||||
values: { ...prev.values, [field]: value },
|
||||
errors: { ...prev.errors, [field]: undefined },
|
||||
}))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const handleBlur = <K extends keyof T>(field: K) => {
|
||||
setState((prev) => ({
|
||||
...prev,
|
||||
touched: { ...prev.touched, [field]: true },
|
||||
}))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const handleSubmit = async (onSubmit: (values: T) => Promise<void>) => {
|
||||
const errors = validate(state.values)
|
||||
|
||||
if (Object.keys(errors).length > 0) {
|
||||
setState((prev) => ({
|
||||
...prev,
|
||||
errors,
|
||||
touched: Object.keys(state.values).reduce(
|
||||
(acc, key) => ({ ...acc, [key]: true }),
|
||||
{},
|
||||
),
|
||||
}))
|
||||
return
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
setState((prev) => ({ ...prev, isSubmitting: true }))
|
||||
try {
|
||||
await onSubmit(state.values)
|
||||
} finally {
|
||||
setState((prev) => ({ ...prev, isSubmitting: false }))
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return {
|
||||
values: state.values,
|
||||
errors: state.errors,
|
||||
touched: state.touched,
|
||||
isSubmitting: state.isSubmitting,
|
||||
handleChange,
|
||||
handleBlur,
|
||||
handleSubmit,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
interface LoginFormValues {
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
password: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function LoginForm() {
|
||||
const form = useForm<LoginFormValues>(
|
||||
{ email: '', password: '' },
|
||||
(values) => {
|
||||
const errors: Partial<Record<keyof LoginFormValues, string>> = {}
|
||||
if (!values.email) {
|
||||
errors.email = 'Email is required'
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (!values.password) {
|
||||
errors.password = 'Password is required'
|
||||
}
|
||||
return errors
|
||||
},
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
return (
|
||||
<form
|
||||
onSubmit={(e) => {
|
||||
e.preventDefault()
|
||||
form.handleSubmit(async (values) => {
|
||||
await login(values.email, values.password)
|
||||
})
|
||||
}}
|
||||
>
|
||||
<input
|
||||
value={form.values.email}
|
||||
onChange={(e) => form.handleChange('email', e.target.value)}
|
||||
onBlur={() => form.handleBlur('email')}
|
||||
/>
|
||||
{form.touched.email && form.errors.email && <span>{form.errors.email}</span>}
|
||||
|
||||
<input
|
||||
type="password"
|
||||
value={form.values.password}
|
||||
onChange={(e) => form.handleChange('password', e.target.value)}
|
||||
onBlur={() => form.handleBlur('password')}
|
||||
/>
|
||||
{form.touched.password && form.errors.password && (
|
||||
<span>{form.errors.password}</span>
|
||||
)}
|
||||
|
||||
<button type="submit" disabled={form.isSubmitting}>
|
||||
Login
|
||||
</button>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Validation Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
### Zod Integration
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
import { z } from 'zod'
|
||||
|
||||
// Schema definition
|
||||
const userSchema = z.object({
|
||||
id: z.string().uuid(),
|
||||
name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
|
||||
email: z.string().email(),
|
||||
age: z.number().int().min(0).max(120),
|
||||
role: z.enum(['admin', 'user', 'guest']),
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
// Extract type from schema
|
||||
type User = z.infer<typeof userSchema>
|
||||
|
||||
// Validation function
|
||||
function validateUser(data: unknown): Result<User> {
|
||||
const result = userSchema.safeParse(data)
|
||||
if (result.success) {
|
||||
return { success: true, data: result.data }
|
||||
}
|
||||
return {
|
||||
success: false,
|
||||
error: new Error(result.error.errors.map((e) => e.message).join(', ')),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// API integration
|
||||
async function createUser(data: unknown): Promise<Result<User>> {
|
||||
const validation = validateUser(data)
|
||||
if (!validation.success) {
|
||||
return validation
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = await fetch('/api/users', {
|
||||
method: 'POST',
|
||||
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
|
||||
body: JSON.stringify(validation.data),
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
if (!response.ok) {
|
||||
return failure(new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const user = await response.json()
|
||||
return success(user)
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
return failure(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)))
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Builder Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Fluent builder pattern
|
||||
class QueryBuilder<T> {
|
||||
private filters: Array<(item: T) => boolean> = []
|
||||
private sortFn?: (a: T, b: T) => number
|
||||
private limitValue?: number
|
||||
|
||||
where(predicate: (item: T) => boolean): this {
|
||||
this.filters.push(predicate)
|
||||
return this
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
sortBy(compareFn: (a: T, b: T) => number): this {
|
||||
this.sortFn = compareFn
|
||||
return this
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
limit(count: number): this {
|
||||
this.limitValue = count
|
||||
return this
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
execute(data: T[]): T[] {
|
||||
let result = data
|
||||
|
||||
// Apply filters
|
||||
this.filters.forEach((filter) => {
|
||||
result = result.filter(filter)
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
// Apply sorting
|
||||
if (this.sortFn) {
|
||||
result = result.sort(this.sortFn)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Apply limit
|
||||
if (this.limitValue !== undefined) {
|
||||
result = result.slice(0, this.limitValue)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return result
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
interface Product {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
price: number
|
||||
category: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
const products: Product[] = [
|
||||
/* ... */
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
const query = new QueryBuilder<Product>()
|
||||
.where((p) => p.category === 'electronics')
|
||||
.where((p) => p.price < 1000)
|
||||
.sortBy((a, b) => a.price - b.price)
|
||||
.limit(10)
|
||||
.execute(products)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Factory Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Abstract factory pattern with TypeScript
|
||||
interface Button {
|
||||
render: () => string
|
||||
onClick: () => void
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface ButtonFactory {
|
||||
createButton: (label: string, onClick: () => void) => Button
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class PrimaryButton implements Button {
|
||||
constructor(private label: string, private clickHandler: () => void) {}
|
||||
|
||||
render() {
|
||||
return `<button class="primary">${this.label}</button>`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
onClick() {
|
||||
this.clickHandler()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class SecondaryButton implements Button {
|
||||
constructor(private label: string, private clickHandler: () => void) {}
|
||||
|
||||
render() {
|
||||
return `<button class="secondary">${this.label}</button>`
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
onClick() {
|
||||
this.clickHandler()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class PrimaryButtonFactory implements ButtonFactory {
|
||||
createButton(label: string, onClick: () => void): Button {
|
||||
return new PrimaryButton(label, onClick)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class SecondaryButtonFactory implements ButtonFactory {
|
||||
createButton(label: string, onClick: () => void): Button {
|
||||
return new SecondaryButton(label, onClick)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Usage
|
||||
function createUI(factory: ButtonFactory) {
|
||||
const button = factory.createButton('Click me', () => console.log('Clicked!'))
|
||||
return button.render()
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Named Return Variables Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Following Go-style named returns
|
||||
function parseUser(data: unknown): { user: User | null; err: Error | null } {
|
||||
let user: User | null = null
|
||||
let err: Error | null = null
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
user = userSchema.parse(data)
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return { user, err }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// With explicit naming
|
||||
function fetchData(url: string): {
|
||||
data: unknown | null
|
||||
status: number
|
||||
err: Error | null
|
||||
} {
|
||||
let data: unknown | null = null
|
||||
let status = 0
|
||||
let err: Error | null = null
|
||||
|
||||
try {
|
||||
const response = fetch(url)
|
||||
// Process response
|
||||
} catch (error) {
|
||||
err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return { data, status, err }
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Use discriminated unions** for type-safe state management
|
||||
2. **Leverage generic types** for reusable components and hooks
|
||||
3. **Extract types from Zod schemas** for runtime + compile-time safety
|
||||
4. **Use Result/Option types** for explicit error handling
|
||||
5. **Create builder patterns** for complex object construction
|
||||
6. **Use factory patterns** for flexible object creation
|
||||
7. **Type context properly** to catch usage errors at compile time
|
||||
8. **Prefer const assertions** for immutable configurations
|
||||
9. **Use branded types** for domain-specific primitives
|
||||
10. **Document patterns** with JSDoc for team knowledge sharing
|
||||
|
||||
804
.claude/skills/typescript/references/type-system.md
Normal file
804
.claude/skills/typescript/references/type-system.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,804 @@
|
||||
# TypeScript Type System Reference
|
||||
|
||||
## Overview
|
||||
|
||||
TypeScript's type system is structural (duck-typed) rather than nominal. Two types are compatible if their structure matches, regardless of their names.
|
||||
|
||||
## Primitive Types
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic Primitives
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let str: string = 'hello'
|
||||
let num: number = 42
|
||||
let bool: boolean = true
|
||||
let nul: null = null
|
||||
let undef: undefined = undefined
|
||||
let sym: symbol = Symbol('key')
|
||||
let big: bigint = 100n
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Special Types
|
||||
|
||||
**any** - Disables type checking (avoid when possible):
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let anything: any = 'string'
|
||||
anything = 42 // OK
|
||||
anything.nonExistent() // OK at compile time, error at runtime
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**unknown** - Type-safe alternative to any (requires type checking):
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let value: unknown = 'string'
|
||||
// value.toUpperCase() // Error: must narrow type first
|
||||
|
||||
if (typeof value === 'string') {
|
||||
value.toUpperCase() // OK after narrowing
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**void** - Absence of a value (function return type):
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function log(message: string): void {
|
||||
console.log(message)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**never** - Value that never occurs (exhaustive checks, infinite loops):
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function throwError(message: string): never {
|
||||
throw new Error(message)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function exhaustiveCheck(value: never): never {
|
||||
throw new Error(`Unhandled case: ${value}`)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Object Types
|
||||
|
||||
### Interfaces
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Basic interface
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Optional properties
|
||||
interface Product {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
description?: string // Optional
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Readonly properties
|
||||
interface Config {
|
||||
readonly apiUrl: string
|
||||
readonly timeout: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Index signatures
|
||||
interface Dictionary {
|
||||
[key: string]: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Method signatures
|
||||
interface Calculator {
|
||||
add(a: number, b: number): number
|
||||
subtract(a: number, b: number): number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Extending interfaces
|
||||
interface Employee extends User {
|
||||
role: string
|
||||
department: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Multiple inheritance
|
||||
interface Admin extends User, Employee {
|
||||
permissions: string[]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Type Aliases
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Basic type alias
|
||||
type ID = string | number
|
||||
|
||||
// Object type
|
||||
type Point = {
|
||||
x: number
|
||||
y: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Union type
|
||||
type Status = 'idle' | 'loading' | 'success' | 'error'
|
||||
|
||||
// Intersection type
|
||||
type Timestamped = {
|
||||
createdAt: Date
|
||||
updatedAt: Date
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type TimestampedUser = User & Timestamped
|
||||
|
||||
// Function type
|
||||
type Callback = (data: string) => void
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic type alias
|
||||
type Result<T> = { success: true; data: T } | { success: false; error: string }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Interface vs Type Alias
|
||||
|
||||
**Use interface when:**
|
||||
- Defining object shapes
|
||||
- Need declaration merging
|
||||
- Building public API types that others might extend
|
||||
|
||||
**Use type when:**
|
||||
- Creating unions or intersections
|
||||
- Working with mapped types
|
||||
- Need conditional types
|
||||
- Defining primitive aliases
|
||||
|
||||
## Array and Tuple Types
|
||||
|
||||
### Arrays
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Array syntax
|
||||
let numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3]
|
||||
let strings: Array<string> = ['a', 'b', 'c']
|
||||
|
||||
// Readonly arrays
|
||||
let immutable: readonly number[] = [1, 2, 3]
|
||||
let alsoImmutable: ReadonlyArray<string> = ['a', 'b']
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Tuples
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Fixed-length, mixed-type arrays
|
||||
type Point = [number, number]
|
||||
type NamedPoint = [x: number, y: number]
|
||||
|
||||
// Optional elements
|
||||
type OptionalTuple = [string, number?]
|
||||
|
||||
// Rest elements
|
||||
type StringNumberBooleans = [string, number, ...boolean[]]
|
||||
|
||||
// Readonly tuples
|
||||
type ReadonlyPair = readonly [string, number]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Union and Intersection Types
|
||||
|
||||
### Union Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Value can be one of several types
|
||||
type StringOrNumber = string | number
|
||||
|
||||
function format(value: StringOrNumber): string {
|
||||
if (typeof value === 'string') {
|
||||
return value
|
||||
}
|
||||
return value.toString()
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Discriminated unions
|
||||
type Shape =
|
||||
| { kind: 'circle'; radius: number }
|
||||
| { kind: 'square'; size: number }
|
||||
| { kind: 'rectangle'; width: number; height: number }
|
||||
|
||||
function area(shape: Shape): number {
|
||||
switch (shape.kind) {
|
||||
case 'circle':
|
||||
return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2
|
||||
case 'square':
|
||||
return shape.size ** 2
|
||||
case 'rectangle':
|
||||
return shape.width * shape.height
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Intersection Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Combine multiple types
|
||||
type Draggable = {
|
||||
drag: () => void
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type Resizable = {
|
||||
resize: () => void
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UIWidget = Draggable & Resizable
|
||||
|
||||
const widget: UIWidget = {
|
||||
drag: () => console.log('dragging'),
|
||||
resize: () => console.log('resizing'),
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Literal Types
|
||||
|
||||
### String Literal Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Direction = 'north' | 'south' | 'east' | 'west'
|
||||
type HttpMethod = 'GET' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE'
|
||||
|
||||
function move(direction: Direction) {
|
||||
// direction can only be one of the four values
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Number Literal Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type DiceValue = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
|
||||
type PowerOfTwo = 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Boolean Literal Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Yes = true
|
||||
type No = false
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Template Literal Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// String manipulation at type level
|
||||
type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`
|
||||
type ClickEvent = EventName<'click'> // "onClick"
|
||||
|
||||
// Combining literals
|
||||
type Color = 'red' | 'blue' | 'green'
|
||||
type Shade = 'light' | 'dark'
|
||||
type ColorShade = `${Shade}-${Color}` // "light-red" | "light-blue" | ...
|
||||
|
||||
// Extract patterns
|
||||
type EmailLocaleIDs = 'welcome_email' | 'email_heading'
|
||||
type FooterLocaleIDs = 'footer_title' | 'footer_sendoff'
|
||||
type AllLocaleIDs = `${EmailLocaleIDs | FooterLocaleIDs}_id`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Type Inference
|
||||
|
||||
### Automatic Inference
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Type inferred as string
|
||||
let message = 'hello'
|
||||
|
||||
// Type inferred as number[]
|
||||
let numbers = [1, 2, 3]
|
||||
|
||||
// Type inferred as { name: string; age: number }
|
||||
let person = {
|
||||
name: 'Alice',
|
||||
age: 30,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Return type inferred
|
||||
function add(a: number, b: number) {
|
||||
return a + b // Returns number
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Const Assertions
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Without const assertion
|
||||
let colors1 = ['red', 'green', 'blue'] // Type: string[]
|
||||
|
||||
// With const assertion
|
||||
let colors2 = ['red', 'green', 'blue'] as const // Type: readonly ["red", "green", "blue"]
|
||||
|
||||
// Object with const assertion
|
||||
const config = {
|
||||
host: 'localhost',
|
||||
port: 8080,
|
||||
} as const // All properties become readonly with literal types
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Type Inference in Generics
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Generic type inference from usage
|
||||
function identity<T>(value: T): T {
|
||||
return value
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let str = identity('hello') // T inferred as string
|
||||
let num = identity(42) // T inferred as number
|
||||
|
||||
// Multiple type parameters
|
||||
function pair<T, U>(first: T, second: U): [T, U] {
|
||||
return [first, second]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let p = pair('hello', 42) // [string, number]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Type Narrowing
|
||||
|
||||
### typeof Guards
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function padLeft(value: string, padding: string | number) {
|
||||
if (typeof padding === 'number') {
|
||||
// padding is number here
|
||||
return ' '.repeat(padding) + value
|
||||
}
|
||||
// padding is string here
|
||||
return padding + value
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### instanceof Guards
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
class Dog {
|
||||
bark() {
|
||||
console.log('Woof!')
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
class Cat {
|
||||
meow() {
|
||||
console.log('Meow!')
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function makeSound(animal: Dog | Cat) {
|
||||
if (animal instanceof Dog) {
|
||||
animal.bark()
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
animal.meow()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### in Operator
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Fish = { swim: () => void }
|
||||
type Bird = { fly: () => void }
|
||||
|
||||
function move(animal: Fish | Bird) {
|
||||
if ('swim' in animal) {
|
||||
animal.swim()
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
animal.fly()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Equality Narrowing
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function example(x: string | number, y: string | boolean) {
|
||||
if (x === y) {
|
||||
// x and y are both string here
|
||||
x.toUpperCase()
|
||||
y.toLowerCase()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Control Flow Analysis
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function example(value: string | null) {
|
||||
if (value === null) {
|
||||
return
|
||||
}
|
||||
// value is string here (null eliminated)
|
||||
console.log(value.toUpperCase())
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Type Predicates (Custom Type Guards)
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function isString(value: unknown): value is string {
|
||||
return typeof value === 'string'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function example(value: unknown) {
|
||||
if (isString(value)) {
|
||||
// value is string here
|
||||
console.log(value.toUpperCase())
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// More complex example
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function isUser(value: unknown): value is User {
|
||||
return (
|
||||
typeof value === 'object' &&
|
||||
value !== null &&
|
||||
'id' in value &&
|
||||
'name' in value &&
|
||||
typeof (value as User).id === 'string' &&
|
||||
typeof (value as User).name === 'string'
|
||||
)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Assertion Functions
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function assert(condition: unknown, message?: string): asserts condition {
|
||||
if (!condition) {
|
||||
throw new Error(message || 'Assertion failed')
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function assertIsString(value: unknown): asserts value is string {
|
||||
if (typeof value !== 'string') {
|
||||
throw new Error('Value must be a string')
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function example(value: unknown) {
|
||||
assertIsString(value)
|
||||
// value is string here
|
||||
console.log(value.toUpperCase())
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Generic Types
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic Generics
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Generic function
|
||||
function first<T>(items: T[]): T | undefined {
|
||||
return items[0]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic interface
|
||||
interface Box<T> {
|
||||
value: T
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic type alias
|
||||
type Result<T> = { success: true; data: T } | { success: false; error: string }
|
||||
|
||||
// Generic class
|
||||
class Stack<T> {
|
||||
private items: T[] = []
|
||||
|
||||
push(item: T) {
|
||||
this.items.push(item)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pop(): T | undefined {
|
||||
return this.items.pop()
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Generic Constraints
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Constrain to specific type
|
||||
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
|
||||
return obj[key]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Constrain to interface
|
||||
interface HasLength {
|
||||
length: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function logLength<T extends HasLength>(item: T): void {
|
||||
console.log(item.length)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
logLength('string') // OK
|
||||
logLength([1, 2, 3]) // OK
|
||||
logLength({ length: 10 }) // OK
|
||||
// logLength(42) // Error: number doesn't have length
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Default Generic Parameters
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface Response<T = unknown> {
|
||||
data: T
|
||||
status: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Uses default
|
||||
let response1: Response = { data: 'anything', status: 200 }
|
||||
|
||||
// Explicitly typed
|
||||
let response2: Response<User> = { data: user, status: 200 }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Generic Utility Functions
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Pick specific properties
|
||||
function pick<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, keys: K[]): Pick<T, K> {
|
||||
const result = {} as Pick<T, K>
|
||||
keys.forEach((key) => {
|
||||
result[key] = obj[key]
|
||||
})
|
||||
return result
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Map array
|
||||
function map<T, U>(items: T[], fn: (item: T) => U): U[] {
|
||||
return items.map(fn)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Advanced Type Features
|
||||
|
||||
### Conditional Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Basic conditional type
|
||||
type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false
|
||||
|
||||
type A = IsString<string> // true
|
||||
type B = IsString<number> // false
|
||||
|
||||
// Distributive conditional types
|
||||
type ToArray<T> = T extends any ? T[] : never
|
||||
|
||||
type StrArrOrNumArr = ToArray<string | number> // string[] | number[]
|
||||
|
||||
// Infer keyword
|
||||
type Flatten<T> = T extends Array<infer U> ? U : T
|
||||
|
||||
type Str = Flatten<string[]> // string
|
||||
type Num = Flatten<number> // number
|
||||
|
||||
// ReturnType implementation
|
||||
type MyReturnType<T> = T extends (...args: any[]) => infer R ? R : never
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Mapped Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Make all properties optional
|
||||
type Partial<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]?: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Make all properties required
|
||||
type Required<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]-?: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Make all properties readonly
|
||||
type Readonly<T> = {
|
||||
readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Transform keys
|
||||
type Getters<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface Person {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PersonGetters = Getters<Person>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// getName: () => string
|
||||
// getAge: () => number
|
||||
// }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Key Remapping
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Filter keys
|
||||
type RemoveKindField<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as Exclude<K, 'kind'>]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Conditional key inclusion
|
||||
type PickByType<T, U> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as T[K] extends U ? K : never]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface Model {
|
||||
id: number
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type StringFields = PickByType<Model, string> // { name: string, email: string }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Recursive Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// JSON value type
|
||||
type JSONValue = string | number | boolean | null | JSONObject | JSONArray
|
||||
|
||||
interface JSONObject {
|
||||
[key: string]: JSONValue
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface JSONArray extends Array<JSONValue> {}
|
||||
|
||||
// Tree structure
|
||||
interface TreeNode<T> {
|
||||
value: T
|
||||
children?: TreeNode<T>[]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Deep readonly
|
||||
type DeepReadonly<T> = {
|
||||
readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends object ? DeepReadonly<T[K]> : T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Type Compatibility
|
||||
|
||||
### Structural Typing
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface Point {
|
||||
x: number
|
||||
y: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface Named {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Compatible if structure matches
|
||||
let point: Point = { x: 0, y: 0 }
|
||||
let namedPoint = { x: 0, y: 0, name: 'origin' }
|
||||
|
||||
point = namedPoint // OK: namedPoint has x and y
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Variance
|
||||
|
||||
**Covariance** (return types):
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface Animal {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface Dog extends Animal {
|
||||
breed: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let getDog: () => Dog
|
||||
let getAnimal: () => Animal
|
||||
|
||||
getAnimal = getDog // OK: Dog is assignable to Animal
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Contravariance** (parameter types):
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let handleAnimal: (animal: Animal) => void
|
||||
let handleDog: (dog: Dog) => void
|
||||
|
||||
handleDog = handleAnimal // OK: can pass Dog to function expecting Animal
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Index Types
|
||||
|
||||
### Index Signatures
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// String index
|
||||
interface StringMap {
|
||||
[key: string]: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Number index
|
||||
interface NumberArray {
|
||||
[index: number]: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Combine with named properties
|
||||
interface MixedInterface {
|
||||
length: number
|
||||
[index: number]: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### keyof Operator
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface Person {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PersonKeys = keyof Person // "name" | "age"
|
||||
|
||||
function getProperty<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
|
||||
return obj[key]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Indexed Access Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface Person {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
address: {
|
||||
street: string
|
||||
city: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type Name = Person['name'] // string
|
||||
type Age = Person['age'] // number
|
||||
type Address = Person['address'] // { street: string; city: string }
|
||||
type AddressCity = Person['address']['city'] // string
|
||||
|
||||
// Access multiple keys
|
||||
type NameOrAge = Person['name' | 'age'] // string | number
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Branded Types
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Create nominal types from structural types
|
||||
type Brand<K, T> = K & { __brand: T }
|
||||
|
||||
type USD = Brand<number, 'USD'>
|
||||
type EUR = Brand<number, 'EUR'>
|
||||
|
||||
function makeUSD(amount: number): USD {
|
||||
return amount as USD
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function makeEUR(amount: number): EUR {
|
||||
return amount as EUR
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let usd = makeUSD(100)
|
||||
let eur = makeEUR(100)
|
||||
|
||||
// usd = eur // Error: different brands
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Prefer type inference** - Let TypeScript infer types when obvious
|
||||
2. **Use strict null checks** - Enable strictNullChecks for better safety
|
||||
3. **Avoid `any`** - Use `unknown` and narrow with type guards
|
||||
4. **Use discriminated unions** - Better than loose unions for state
|
||||
5. **Leverage const assertions** - Get narrow literal types
|
||||
6. **Use branded types** - When structural typing isn't enough
|
||||
7. **Document complex types** - Add JSDoc comments
|
||||
8. **Extract reusable types** - DRY principle applies to types too
|
||||
9. **Use utility types** - Leverage built-in transformation types
|
||||
10. **Test your types** - Use type assertions to verify type correctness
|
||||
|
||||
666
.claude/skills/typescript/references/utility-types.md
Normal file
666
.claude/skills/typescript/references/utility-types.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,666 @@
|
||||
# TypeScript Utility Types Reference
|
||||
|
||||
TypeScript provides several built-in utility types that help transform and manipulate types. These are implemented using advanced type features like mapped types and conditional types.
|
||||
|
||||
## Property Modifiers
|
||||
|
||||
### Partial\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes all properties in `T` optional.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PartialUser = Partial<User>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// id?: string
|
||||
// name?: string
|
||||
// email?: string
|
||||
// age?: number
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful for update operations
|
||||
function updateUser(id: string, updates: Partial<User>) {
|
||||
// Only update provided fields
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
updateUser('123', { name: 'Alice' }) // OK
|
||||
updateUser('123', { name: 'Alice', age: 30 }) // OK
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Required\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes all properties in `T` required (removes optionality).
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface Config {
|
||||
host?: string
|
||||
port?: number
|
||||
timeout?: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type RequiredConfig = Required<Config>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// host: string
|
||||
// port: number
|
||||
// timeout: number
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
function initServer(config: RequiredConfig) {
|
||||
// All properties are guaranteed to exist
|
||||
console.log(config.host, config.port, config.timeout)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Readonly\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes all properties in `T` readonly.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface MutablePoint {
|
||||
x: number
|
||||
y: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ImmutablePoint = Readonly<MutablePoint>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// readonly x: number
|
||||
// readonly y: number
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
const point: ImmutablePoint = { x: 0, y: 0 }
|
||||
// point.x = 10 // Error: Cannot assign to 'x' because it is a read-only property
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Mutable\<T\> (Custom)
|
||||
|
||||
Removes readonly modifiers (not built-in, but useful pattern).
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Mutable<T> = {
|
||||
-readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface ReadonlyPerson {
|
||||
readonly name: string
|
||||
readonly age: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type MutablePerson = Mutable<ReadonlyPerson>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// name: string
|
||||
// age: number
|
||||
// }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Property Selection
|
||||
|
||||
### Pick\<T, K\>
|
||||
|
||||
Creates a type by picking specific properties from `T`.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
password: string
|
||||
createdAt: Date
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserProfile = Pick<User, 'id' | 'name' | 'email'>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// id: string
|
||||
// name: string
|
||||
// email: string
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful for API responses
|
||||
function getUserProfile(id: string): UserProfile {
|
||||
// Return only safe properties
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Omit\<T, K\>
|
||||
|
||||
Creates a type by omitting specific properties from `T`.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
password: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserWithoutPassword = Omit<User, 'password'>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// id: string
|
||||
// name: string
|
||||
// email: string
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful for public user data
|
||||
function publishUser(user: User): UserWithoutPassword {
|
||||
const { password, ...publicData } = user
|
||||
return publicData
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Union Type Utilities
|
||||
|
||||
### Exclude\<T, U\>
|
||||
|
||||
Excludes types from `T` that are assignable to `U`.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type T1 = Exclude<'a' | 'b' | 'c', 'a'> // "b" | "c"
|
||||
type T2 = Exclude<string | number | boolean, boolean> // string | number
|
||||
|
||||
type EventType = 'click' | 'scroll' | 'mousemove' | 'keypress'
|
||||
type UIEvent = Exclude<EventType, 'scroll'> // "click" | "mousemove" | "keypress"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Extract\<T, U\>
|
||||
|
||||
Extracts types from `T` that are assignable to `U`.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type T1 = Extract<'a' | 'b' | 'c', 'a' | 'f'> // "a"
|
||||
type T2 = Extract<string | number | boolean, boolean> // boolean
|
||||
|
||||
type Shape = 'circle' | 'square' | 'triangle' | 'rectangle'
|
||||
type RoundedShape = Extract<Shape, 'circle'> // "circle"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### NonNullable\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Excludes `null` and `undefined` from `T`.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type T1 = NonNullable<string | null | undefined> // string
|
||||
type T2 = NonNullable<string | number | null> // string | number
|
||||
|
||||
function processValue(value: string | null | undefined) {
|
||||
if (value !== null && value !== undefined) {
|
||||
const nonNull: NonNullable<typeof value> = value
|
||||
// nonNull is guaranteed to be string
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Object Construction
|
||||
|
||||
### Record\<K, T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Constructs an object type with keys of type `K` and values of type `T`.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type PageInfo = Record<string, number>
|
||||
// { [key: string]: number }
|
||||
|
||||
const pages: PageInfo = {
|
||||
home: 1,
|
||||
about: 2,
|
||||
contact: 3,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful for mapped objects
|
||||
type UserRole = 'admin' | 'user' | 'guest'
|
||||
type RolePermissions = Record<UserRole, string[]>
|
||||
|
||||
const permissions: RolePermissions = {
|
||||
admin: ['read', 'write', 'delete'],
|
||||
user: ['read', 'write'],
|
||||
guest: ['read'],
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// With specific keys
|
||||
type ThemeColors = Record<'primary' | 'secondary' | 'accent', string>
|
||||
|
||||
const colors: ThemeColors = {
|
||||
primary: '#007bff',
|
||||
secondary: '#6c757d',
|
||||
accent: '#28a745',
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Function Utilities
|
||||
|
||||
### Parameters\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Extracts the parameter types of a function type as a tuple.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function createUser(name: string, age: number, email: string) {
|
||||
// ...
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type CreateUserParams = Parameters<typeof createUser>
|
||||
// [name: string, age: number, email: string]
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful for higher-order functions
|
||||
function withLogging<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
|
||||
fn: T,
|
||||
...args: Parameters<T>
|
||||
): ReturnType<T> {
|
||||
console.log('Calling with:', args)
|
||||
return fn(...args)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### ConstructorParameters\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Extracts the parameter types of a constructor function type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
class User {
|
||||
constructor(public name: string, public age: number) {}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserConstructorParams = ConstructorParameters<typeof User>
|
||||
// [name: string, age: number]
|
||||
|
||||
function createUser(...args: UserConstructorParams): User {
|
||||
return new User(...args)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### ReturnType\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Extracts the return type of a function type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function createUser() {
|
||||
return {
|
||||
id: '123',
|
||||
name: 'Alice',
|
||||
email: 'alice@example.com',
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type User = ReturnType<typeof createUser>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// id: string
|
||||
// name: string
|
||||
// email: string
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful with async functions
|
||||
async function fetchData() {
|
||||
return { success: true, data: [1, 2, 3] }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type FetchResult = ReturnType<typeof fetchData>
|
||||
// Promise<{ success: boolean; data: number[] }>
|
||||
|
||||
type UnwrappedResult = Awaited<FetchResult>
|
||||
// { success: boolean; data: number[] }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### InstanceType\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Extracts the instance type of a constructor function type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
class User {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
constructor(name: string) {
|
||||
this.name = name
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserInstance = InstanceType<typeof User>
|
||||
// User
|
||||
|
||||
function processUser(user: UserInstance) {
|
||||
console.log(user.name)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### ThisParameterType\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Extracts the type of the `this` parameter for a function type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function toHex(this: Number) {
|
||||
return this.toString(16)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ThisType = ThisParameterType<typeof toHex> // Number
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### OmitThisParameter\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Removes the `this` parameter from a function type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
function toHex(this: Number) {
|
||||
return this.toString(16)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PlainFunction = OmitThisParameter<typeof toHex>
|
||||
// () => string
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## String Manipulation
|
||||
|
||||
### Uppercase\<S\>
|
||||
|
||||
Converts string literal type to uppercase.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Greeting = 'hello'
|
||||
type LoudGreeting = Uppercase<Greeting> // "HELLO"
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful for constants
|
||||
type HttpMethod = 'get' | 'post' | 'put' | 'delete'
|
||||
type HttpMethodUppercase = Uppercase<HttpMethod>
|
||||
// "GET" | "POST" | "PUT" | "DELETE"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Lowercase\<S\>
|
||||
|
||||
Converts string literal type to lowercase.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Greeting = 'HELLO'
|
||||
type QuietGreeting = Lowercase<Greeting> // "hello"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Capitalize\<S\>
|
||||
|
||||
Capitalizes the first letter of a string literal type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Event = 'click' | 'scroll' | 'mousemove'
|
||||
type EventHandler = `on${Capitalize<Event>}`
|
||||
// "onClick" | "onScroll" | "onMousemove"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Uncapitalize\<S\>
|
||||
|
||||
Uncapitalizes the first letter of a string literal type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Greeting = 'Hello'
|
||||
type LowerGreeting = Uncapitalize<Greeting> // "hello"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Async Utilities
|
||||
|
||||
### Awaited\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Unwraps the type of a Promise (recursively).
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type T1 = Awaited<Promise<string>> // string
|
||||
type T2 = Awaited<Promise<Promise<number>>> // number
|
||||
type T3 = Awaited<boolean | Promise<string>> // boolean | string
|
||||
|
||||
// Useful with async functions
|
||||
async function fetchUser() {
|
||||
return { id: '123', name: 'Alice' }
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type User = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof fetchUser>>
|
||||
// { id: string; name: string }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Custom Utility Types
|
||||
|
||||
### DeepPartial\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes all properties and nested properties optional.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type DeepPartial<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]?: T[K] extends object ? DeepPartial<T[K]> : T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
profile: {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
address: {
|
||||
street: string
|
||||
city: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type PartialUser = DeepPartial<User>
|
||||
// All properties at all levels are optional
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### DeepReadonly\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes all properties and nested properties readonly.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type DeepReadonly<T> = {
|
||||
readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends object ? DeepReadonly<T[K]> : T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
profile: {
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
address: {
|
||||
street: string
|
||||
city: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ImmutableUser = DeepReadonly<User>
|
||||
// All properties at all levels are readonly
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### PartialBy\<T, K\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes specific properties optional.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type PartialBy<T, K extends keyof T> = Omit<T, K> & Partial<Pick<T, K>>
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserWithOptionalEmail = PartialBy<User, 'email' | 'age'>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// id: string
|
||||
// name: string
|
||||
// email?: string
|
||||
// age?: number
|
||||
// }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### RequiredBy\<T, K\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes specific properties required.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type RequiredBy<T, K extends keyof T> = Omit<T, K> & Required<Pick<T, K>>
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id?: string
|
||||
name?: string
|
||||
email?: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type UserWithRequiredId = RequiredBy<User, 'id'>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// id: string
|
||||
// name?: string
|
||||
// email?: string
|
||||
// }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### PickByType\<T, U\>
|
||||
|
||||
Picks properties by their value type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type PickByType<T, U> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as T[K] extends U ? K : never]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
active: boolean
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type StringProperties = PickByType<User, string>
|
||||
// { id: string; name: string }
|
||||
|
||||
type NumberProperties = PickByType<User, number>
|
||||
// { age: number }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### OmitByType\<T, U\>
|
||||
|
||||
Omits properties by their value type.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type OmitByType<T, U> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T as T[K] extends U ? never : K]: T[K]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
age: number
|
||||
active: boolean
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type NonStringProperties = OmitByType<User, string>
|
||||
// { age: number; active: boolean }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Prettify\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Flattens intersections for better IDE tooltips.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Prettify<T> = {
|
||||
[K in keyof T]: T[K]
|
||||
} & {}
|
||||
|
||||
type A = { a: string }
|
||||
type B = { b: number }
|
||||
type C = A & B
|
||||
|
||||
type PrettyC = Prettify<C>
|
||||
// Displays as: { a: string; b: number }
|
||||
// Instead of: A & B
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### ValueOf\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Gets the union of all value types.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type ValueOf<T> = T[keyof T]
|
||||
|
||||
interface Colors {
|
||||
red: '#ff0000'
|
||||
green: '#00ff00'
|
||||
blue: '#0000ff'
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type ColorValue = ValueOf<Colors>
|
||||
// "#ff0000" | "#00ff00" | "#0000ff"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Nullable\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes type nullable.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Nullable<T> = T | null
|
||||
|
||||
type NullableString = Nullable<string> // string | null
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Maybe\<T\>
|
||||
|
||||
Makes type nullable or undefined.
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type Maybe<T> = T | null | undefined
|
||||
|
||||
type MaybeString = Maybe<string> // string | null | undefined
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### UnionToIntersection\<U\>
|
||||
|
||||
Converts union to intersection (advanced).
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
type UnionToIntersection<U> = (U extends any ? (k: U) => void : never) extends (
|
||||
k: infer I,
|
||||
) => void
|
||||
? I
|
||||
: never
|
||||
|
||||
type Union = { a: string } | { b: number }
|
||||
type Intersection = UnionToIntersection<Union>
|
||||
// { a: string } & { b: number }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Combining Utility Types
|
||||
|
||||
Utility types can be composed for powerful transformations:
|
||||
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
// Make specific properties optional and readonly
|
||||
type PartialReadonly<T, K extends keyof T> = Readonly<Pick<T, K>> &
|
||||
Partial<Omit<T, K>>
|
||||
|
||||
interface User {
|
||||
id: string
|
||||
name: string
|
||||
email: string
|
||||
password: string
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
type SafeUser = PartialReadonly<User, 'id' | 'name'>
|
||||
// {
|
||||
// readonly id: string
|
||||
// readonly name: string
|
||||
// email?: string
|
||||
// password?: string
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// Pick and make readonly
|
||||
type ReadonlyPick<T, K extends keyof T> = Readonly<Pick<T, K>>
|
||||
|
||||
// Omit and make required
|
||||
type RequiredOmit<T, K extends keyof T> = Required<Omit<T, K>>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Use built-in utilities first** - They're well-tested and optimized
|
||||
2. **Compose utilities** - Combine utilities for complex transformations
|
||||
3. **Create custom utilities** - For patterns you use frequently
|
||||
4. **Name utilities clearly** - Make intent obvious from the name
|
||||
5. **Document complex utilities** - Add JSDoc for non-obvious transformations
|
||||
6. **Test utility types** - Use type assertions to verify behavior
|
||||
7. **Avoid over-engineering** - Don't create utilities for one-off uses
|
||||
8. **Consider readability** - Sometimes explicit types are clearer
|
||||
9. **Use Prettify** - For better IDE tooltips with intersections
|
||||
10. **Leverage keyof** - For type-safe property selection
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user