# DDD Anti-Patterns

This reference documents common anti-patterns encountered when implementing Domain-Driven Design, how to identify them, and remediation strategies.

## Anemic Domain Model

### Description

Entities that are mere data containers with getters and setters, while all business logic lives in "service" classes. The domain model looks like a relational database schema mapped to objects.

### Symptoms

- Entities with only get/set methods and no behavior
- Service classes with methods like `orderService.calculateTotal(order)`
- Business rules scattered across multiple services
- Heavy use of DTOs that mirror entity structure
- "Transaction scripts" in application services

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: Anemic domain model
class Order {
  id: string;
  customerId: string;
  items: OrderItem[];
  status: string;
  total: number;

  // Only data access, no behavior
  getId(): string { return this.id; }
  setStatus(status: string): void { this.status = status; }
  getItems(): OrderItem[] { return this.items; }
  setTotal(total: number): void { this.total = total; }
}

class OrderService {
  // All logic external to the entity
  calculateTotal(order: Order): number {
    let total = 0;
    for (const item of order.getItems()) {
      total += item.price * item.quantity;
    }
    order.setTotal(total);
    return total;
  }

  canShip(order: Order): boolean {
    return order.status === 'PAID' && order.getItems().length > 0;
  }

  ship(order: Order, trackingNumber: string): void {
    if (!this.canShip(order)) {
      throw new Error('Cannot ship order');
    }
    order.setStatus('SHIPPED');
    order.trackingNumber = trackingNumber;
  }
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Rich domain model
class Order {
  private _id: OrderId;
  private _items: OrderItem[];
  private _status: OrderStatus;

  // Behavior lives in the entity
  get total(): Money {
    return this._items.reduce(
      (sum, item) => sum.add(item.subtotal()),
      Money.zero()
    );
  }

  canShip(): boolean {
    return this._status === OrderStatus.Paid && this._items.length > 0;
  }

  ship(trackingNumber: TrackingNumber): void {
    if (!this.canShip()) {
      throw new OrderNotShippableError(this._id, this._status);
    }
    this._status = OrderStatus.Shipped;
    this._trackingNumber = trackingNumber;
  }

  addItem(item: OrderItem): void {
    this.ensureCanModify();
    this._items.push(item);
  }
}

// Application service is thin - only orchestration
class OrderApplicationService {
  async shipOrder(orderId: OrderId, trackingNumber: TrackingNumber): Promise<void> {
    const order = await this.orderRepository.findById(orderId);
    order.ship(trackingNumber);  // Domain logic in entity
    await this.orderRepository.save(order);
  }
}
```

### Root Causes

- Developers treating objects as data structures
- Thinking in terms of database tables
- Copying patterns from CRUD applications
- Misunderstanding "service" to mean "all logic goes here"

## God Aggregate

### Description

An aggregate that has grown to encompass too much. It handles multiple concerns, has many child entities, and becomes a performance and concurrency bottleneck.

### Symptoms

- Aggregates with 10+ child entity types
- Long load times due to eager loading everything
- Frequent optimistic concurrency conflicts
- Methods that only touch a small subset of the aggregate
- Difficulty reasoning about invariants

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: God aggregate
class Customer {
  private _id: CustomerId;
  private _profile: CustomerProfile;
  private _addresses: Address[];
  private _paymentMethods: PaymentMethod[];
  private _orders: Order[];           // History of all orders!
  private _wishlist: WishlistItem[];
  private _reviews: Review[];
  private _loyaltyPoints: LoyaltyAccount;
  private _preferences: Preferences;
  private _notifications: Notification[];
  private _supportTickets: SupportTicket[];

  // Loading this customer loads EVERYTHING
  // Updating preferences causes concurrency conflict with order placement
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Small, focused aggregates
class Customer {
  private _id: CustomerId;
  private _profile: CustomerProfile;
  private _defaultAddressId: AddressId;
  private _membershipTier: MembershipTier;
}

class CustomerAddressBook {
  private _customerId: CustomerId;
  private _addresses: Address[];
}

class ShoppingCart {
  private _customerId: CustomerId;  // Reference by ID
  private _items: CartItem[];
}

class Wishlist {
  private _customerId: CustomerId;  // Reference by ID
  private _items: WishlistItem[];
}

class LoyaltyAccount {
  private _customerId: CustomerId;  // Reference by ID
  private _points: Points;
  private _transactions: LoyaltyTransaction[];
}
```

### Identification Heuristic

Ask: "Do all these things need to be immediately consistent?" If the answer is no, they probably belong in separate aggregates.

## Aggregate Reference Violation

### Description

Aggregates holding direct object references to other aggregates instead of referencing by identity. Creates implicit coupling and makes it impossible to reason about transactional boundaries.

### Symptoms

- Navigation from one aggregate to another: `order.customer.address`
- Loading an aggregate brings in connected aggregates
- Unclear what gets saved when calling `save()`
- Difficulty implementing eventual consistency

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: Direct reference
class Order {
  private customer: Customer;  // Direct reference!
  private shippingAddress: Address;

  getCustomerEmail(): string {
    return this.customer.email;  // Navigating through!
  }

  validate(): void {
    // Touching another aggregate's data
    if (this.customer.creditLimit < this.total) {
      throw new Error('Credit limit exceeded');
    }
  }
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Reference by identity
class Order {
  private _customerId: CustomerId;  // ID only!
  private _shippingAddress: Address;  // Value object copied at order time

  // If customer data is needed, it must be explicitly loaded
  static create(
    customerId: CustomerId,
    shippingAddress: Address,
    creditLimit: Money  // Passed in, not navigated to
  ): Order {
    return new Order(customerId, shippingAddress, creditLimit);
  }
}

// Application service coordinates loading if needed
class OrderApplicationService {
  async getOrderWithCustomerDetails(orderId: OrderId): Promise<OrderDetails> {
    const order = await this.orderRepository.findById(orderId);
    const customer = await this.customerRepository.findById(order.customerId);

    return new OrderDetails(order, customer);
  }
}
```

## Smart UI

### Description

Business logic embedded directly in the user interface layer. Controllers, presenters, or UI components contain domain rules.

### Symptoms

- Validation logic in form handlers
- Business calculations in controllers
- State machines in UI components
- Domain rules duplicated across different UI views
- "If we change the UI framework, we lose the business logic"

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: Smart UI
class OrderController {
  submitOrder(request: Request): Response {
    const cart = request.body;

    // Business logic in controller!
    let total = 0;
    for (const item of cart.items) {
      total += item.price * item.quantity;
    }

    // Discount rules in controller!
    if (cart.items.length > 10) {
      total *= 0.9;  // 10% bulk discount
    }

    if (total > 1000 && !this.hasValidPaymentMethod(cart.customerId)) {
      return Response.error('Orders over $1000 require verified payment');
    }

    // More business rules...
    const order = {
      customerId: cart.customerId,
      items: cart.items,
      total: total,
      status: 'PENDING'
    };

    this.database.insert('orders', order);
    return Response.ok(order);
  }
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: UI delegates to domain
class OrderController {
  submitOrder(request: Request): Response {
    const command = new PlaceOrderCommand(
      request.body.customerId,
      request.body.items
    );

    try {
      const orderId = this.orderApplicationService.placeOrder(command);
      return Response.ok({ orderId });
    } catch (error) {
      if (error instanceof DomainError) {
        return Response.badRequest(error.message);
      }
      throw error;
    }
  }
}

// Domain logic in domain layer
class Order {
  private calculateTotal(): Money {
    const subtotal = this._items.reduce(
      (sum, item) => sum.add(item.subtotal()),
      Money.zero()
    );
    return this._discountPolicy.apply(subtotal, this._items.length);
  }
}

class BulkDiscountPolicy implements DiscountPolicy {
  apply(subtotal: Money, itemCount: number): Money {
    if (itemCount > 10) {
      return subtotal.multiply(0.9);
    }
    return subtotal;
  }
}
```

## Database-Driven Design

### Description

The domain model is derived from the database schema rather than from domain concepts. Tables become classes; foreign keys become object references; database constraints become business rules.

### Symptoms

- Class names match table names exactly
- Foreign key relationships drive object graph
- ID fields everywhere, even where identity doesn't matter
- `nullable` database columns drive optional properties
- Domain model changes require database migration first

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: Database-driven model
// Mirrors database schema exactly
class orders {
  order_id: number;
  customer_id: number;
  order_date: Date;
  status_cd: string;
  shipping_address_id: number;
  billing_address_id: number;
  total_amt: number;
  tax_amt: number;
  created_ts: Date;
  updated_ts: Date;
}

class order_items {
  order_item_id: number;
  order_id: number;
  product_id: number;
  quantity: number;
  unit_price: number;
  discount_pct: number;
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Domain-driven model
class Order {
  private readonly _id: OrderId;
  private _status: OrderStatus;
  private _items: OrderItem[];
  private _shippingAddress: Address;  // Value object, not FK
  private _billingAddress: Address;

  // Domain behavior, not database structure
  get total(): Money {
    return this._items.reduce(
      (sum, item) => sum.add(item.lineTotal()),
      Money.zero()
    );
  }

  ship(trackingNumber: TrackingNumber): void {
    // Business logic
  }
}

// Mapping is infrastructure concern
class OrderRepository {
  async save(order: Order): Promise<void> {
    // Map rich domain object to database tables
    await this.db.query(
      'INSERT INTO orders (id, status, shipping_street, shipping_city...) VALUES (...)'
    );
  }
}
```

### Key Principle

The domain model reflects how domain experts think, not how data is stored. Persistence is an infrastructure detail.

## Leaky Abstractions

### Description

Infrastructure concerns bleeding into the domain layer. Domain objects depend on frameworks, databases, or external services.

### Symptoms

- Domain entities with ORM decorators
- Repository interfaces returning database-specific types
- Domain services making HTTP calls
- Framework annotations on domain objects
- `import { Entity } from 'typeorm'` in domain layer

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: Infrastructure leaking into domain
import { Entity, Column, PrimaryColumn, ManyToOne } from 'typeorm';
import { IsEmail, IsNotEmpty } from 'class-validator';

@Entity('customers')  // ORM in domain!
export class Customer {
  @PrimaryColumn()
  id: string;

  @Column()
  @IsNotEmpty()  // Validation framework in domain!
  name: string;

  @Column()
  @IsEmail()
  email: string;

  @ManyToOne(() => Subscription)  // ORM relationship in domain!
  subscription: Subscription;
}

// Domain service calling external API directly
class ShippingCostService {
  async calculateCost(order: Order): Promise<number> {
    // HTTP call in domain!
    const response = await fetch('https://shipping-api.com/rates', {
      body: JSON.stringify(order)
    });
    return response.json().cost;
  }
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Clean domain layer
// Domain object - no framework dependencies
class Customer {
  private constructor(
    private readonly _id: CustomerId,
    private readonly _name: CustomerName,
    private readonly _email: Email
  ) {}

  static create(name: string, email: string): Customer {
    return new Customer(
      CustomerId.generate(),
      CustomerName.create(name),  // Self-validating value object
      Email.create(email)         // Self-validating value object
    );
  }
}

// Port (interface) defined in domain
interface ShippingRateProvider {
  getRate(destination: Address, weight: Weight): Promise<Money>;
}

// Domain service uses port
class ShippingCostCalculator {
  constructor(private rateProvider: ShippingRateProvider) {}

  async calculate(order: Order): Promise<Money> {
    return this.rateProvider.getRate(
      order.shippingAddress,
      order.totalWeight()
    );
  }
}

// Adapter (infrastructure) implements port
class ShippingApiRateProvider implements ShippingRateProvider {
  async getRate(destination: Address, weight: Weight): Promise<Money> {
    const response = await fetch('https://shipping-api.com/rates', {
      body: JSON.stringify({ destination, weight })
    });
    const data = await response.json();
    return Money.of(data.cost, Currency.USD);
  }
}
```

## Shared Database

### Description

Multiple bounded contexts accessing the same database tables. Changes in one context break others. No clear data ownership.

### Symptoms

- Multiple services querying the same tables
- Fear of schema changes because "something else might break"
- Unclear which service is authoritative for data
- Cross-context joins in queries
- Database triggers coordinating contexts

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: Shared database
// Sales context
class SalesOrderService {
  async getOrder(orderId: string) {
    return this.db.query(`
      SELECT o.*, c.name, c.email, p.name as product_name
      FROM orders o
      JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
      JOIN products p ON o.product_id = p.id
      WHERE o.id = ?
    `, [orderId]);
  }
}

// Shipping context - same tables!
class ShippingService {
  async getOrdersToShip() {
    return this.db.query(`
      SELECT o.*, c.address
      FROM orders o
      JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
      WHERE o.status = 'PAID'
    `);
  }

  async markShipped(orderId: string) {
    // Directly modifying shared table
    await this.db.query(
      "UPDATE orders SET status = 'SHIPPED' WHERE id = ?",
      [orderId]
    );
  }
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Each context owns its data
// Sales context - owns order creation
class SalesOrderRepository {
  async save(order: SalesOrder): Promise<void> {
    await this.salesDb.query('INSERT INTO sales_orders...');

    // Publish event for other contexts
    await this.eventPublisher.publish(
      new OrderPlaced(order.id, order.customerId, order.items)
    );
  }
}

// Shipping context - owns its projection
class ShippingOrderProjection {
  // Handles events to build local projection
  async handleOrderPlaced(event: OrderPlaced): Promise<void> {
    await this.shippingDb.query(`
      INSERT INTO shipments (order_id, customer_id, status)
      VALUES (?, ?, 'PENDING')
    `, [event.orderId, event.customerId]);
  }
}

class ShipmentRepository {
  async findPendingShipments(): Promise<Shipment[]> {
    // Queries only shipping context's data
    return this.shippingDb.query(
      "SELECT * FROM shipments WHERE status = 'PENDING'"
    );
  }
}
```

## Premature Abstraction

### Description

Creating abstractions, interfaces, and frameworks before understanding the problem space. Often justified as "flexibility for the future."

### Symptoms

- Interfaces with single implementations
- Generic frameworks solving hypothetical problems
- Heavy use of design patterns without clear benefit
- Configuration systems for things that never change
- "We might need this someday"

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: Premature abstraction
interface IOrderProcessor<TOrder, TResult> {
  process(order: TOrder): Promise<TResult>;
}

interface IOrderValidator<TOrder> {
  validate(order: TOrder): ValidationResult;
}

interface IOrderPersister<TOrder> {
  persist(order: TOrder): Promise<void>;
}

abstract class AbstractOrderProcessor<TOrder, TResult>
  implements IOrderProcessor<TOrder, TResult> {

  constructor(
    protected validator: IOrderValidator<TOrder>,
    protected persister: IOrderPersister<TOrder>,
    protected notifier: INotificationService,
    protected logger: ILogger,
    protected metrics: IMetricsCollector
  ) {}

  async process(order: TOrder): Promise<TResult> {
    this.logger.log('Processing order');
    this.metrics.increment('orders.processed');

    const validation = this.validator.validate(order);
    if (!validation.isValid) {
      throw new ValidationException(validation.errors);
    }

    const result = await this.doProcess(order);
    await this.persister.persist(order);
    await this.notifier.notify(order);

    return result;
  }

  protected abstract doProcess(order: TOrder): Promise<TResult>;
}

// Only one concrete implementation ever created
class StandardOrderProcessor extends AbstractOrderProcessor<Order, OrderResult> {
  protected async doProcess(order: Order): Promise<OrderResult> {
    // The actual logic is trivial
    return new OrderResult(order.id);
  }
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Concrete first, abstract when patterns emerge
class OrderService {
  async placeOrder(command: PlaceOrderCommand): Promise<OrderId> {
    const order = Order.create(command);

    if (!order.isValid()) {
      throw new InvalidOrderError(order.validationErrors());
    }

    await this.orderRepository.save(order);

    return order.id;
  }
}

// Only add abstraction when you have multiple implementations
// and understand the variation points
```

### Heuristic

Wait until you have three similar implementations before abstracting. The right abstraction will be obvious then.

## Big Ball of Mud

### Description

A system without clear architectural boundaries. Everything depends on everything. Changes ripple unpredictably.

### Symptoms

- No clear module boundaries
- Circular dependencies
- Any change might break anything
- "Only Bob understands how this works"
- Integration tests are the only reliable tests
- Fear of refactoring

### Identification

```
# Circular dependency example
OrderService → CustomerService → PaymentService → OrderService
```

### Remediation Strategy

1. **Identify implicit contexts** - Find clusters of related functionality
2. **Define explicit boundaries** - Create modules/packages with clear interfaces
3. **Break cycles** - Introduce events or shared kernel for circular dependencies
4. **Enforce boundaries** - Use architectural tests, linting rules

```typescript
// Step 1: Identify boundaries
// sales/ - order creation, pricing
// fulfillment/ - shipping, tracking
// customer/ - customer management
// shared/ - shared kernel (Money, Address)

// Step 2: Define public interfaces
// sales/index.ts
export { OrderService } from './application/OrderService';
export { OrderPlaced, OrderCancelled } from './domain/events';
// Internal types not exported

// Step 3: Break cycles with events
class OrderService {
  async placeOrder(command: PlaceOrderCommand): Promise<OrderId> {
    const order = Order.create(command);
    await this.orderRepository.save(order);

    // Instead of calling PaymentService directly
    await this.eventPublisher.publish(new OrderPlaced(order));

    return order.id;
  }
}

class PaymentEventHandler {
  async handleOrderPlaced(event: OrderPlaced): Promise<void> {
    await this.paymentService.collectPayment(event.orderId, event.total);
  }
}
```

## CRUD-Driven Development

### Description

Treating all domain operations as Create, Read, Update, Delete operations. Loses domain intent and behavior.

### Symptoms

- Endpoints like `PUT /orders/{id}` that accept any field changes
- Service methods like `updateOrder(orderId, updates)`
- Domain events named `OrderUpdated` instead of `OrderShipped`
- No validation of state transitions
- Business operations hidden behind generic updates

### Example

```typescript
// ANTI-PATTERN: CRUD-driven
class OrderController {
  @Put('/orders/:id')
  async updateOrder(id: string, body: Partial<Order>) {
    // Any field can be updated!
    return this.orderService.update(id, body);
  }
}

class OrderService {
  async update(id: string, updates: Partial<Order>): Promise<Order> {
    const order = await this.repo.findById(id);
    Object.assign(order, updates);  // Blindly apply updates
    return this.repo.save(order);
  }
}
```

### Remediation

```typescript
// CORRECT: Intent-revealing operations
class OrderController {
  @Post('/orders/:id/ship')
  async shipOrder(id: string, body: ShipOrderRequest) {
    return this.orderService.ship(id, body.trackingNumber);
  }

  @Post('/orders/:id/cancel')
  async cancelOrder(id: string, body: CancelOrderRequest) {
    return this.orderService.cancel(id, body.reason);
  }
}

class OrderService {
  async ship(orderId: OrderId, trackingNumber: TrackingNumber): Promise<void> {
    const order = await this.repo.findById(orderId);
    order.ship(trackingNumber);  // Domain logic with validation
    await this.repo.save(order);
    await this.publish(new OrderShipped(orderId, trackingNumber));
  }

  async cancel(orderId: OrderId, reason: CancellationReason): Promise<void> {
    const order = await this.repo.findById(orderId);
    order.cancel(reason);  // Validates cancellation is allowed
    await this.repo.save(order);
    await this.publish(new OrderCancelled(orderId, reason));
  }
}
```

## Summary: Detection Checklist

| Anti-Pattern | Key Question |
|--------------|--------------|
| Anemic Domain Model | Do entities have behavior or just data? |
| God Aggregate | Does everything need immediate consistency? |
| Aggregate Reference Violation | Are aggregates holding other aggregates? |
| Smart UI | Would changing UI framework lose business logic? |
| Database-Driven Design | Does model match tables or domain concepts? |
| Leaky Abstractions | Does domain code import infrastructure? |
| Shared Database | Do multiple contexts write to same tables? |
| Premature Abstraction | Are there interfaces with single implementations? |
| Big Ball of Mud | Can any change break anything? |
| CRUD-Driven Development | Are operations generic updates or domain intents? |